“Fish also have been victims of underhanded and shandy speciesism. We know, for example, that fish display long-term memory and clearly are sentient beings(Braithwaite, 2010, 2011). Consider what Verheijen and Flight(1997: p.362) write about fish:" There is a growing consensus that because of homology in behaviour and nervous structure all vertebrates, thus also fish, have subjective experience and so are liable to suffer." Consider also what Victoria Braithwaite writes about fish:" I have argued that there is as much evidence that fish feel pain and suffer as there is for birds and mammals - and more than there is for human neonates and preterm babies"(Braithwaite, 2010: p.153). She also notes(Braithwaite, 2011), "We now know that fish actually are cognitively, more competent than we thought before - some species of fish have very sophisticated forms of cognition... In our experiments we showed that if we hurt fish, they react, and then if we give them pain relief, they change their behaviour, strongly indicating that they feel pain." Fish have also been observed punishing after individuals who steal their food(Raihami et al., 2010).”
摘錄/引自：Marc Bekoff - Who lives, who dies, and why? How speciesism undermines compassionate conservation and social justice. 收錄於：The Politics of Species - Reshaping our Relationships with Other Animals. Edited by Raymond Corbey and Annette Lanjouw, 2013. Cambridge University Press.
*為被用於實驗的動物致敬。
[3] “「動物」有知覺和情緒反應是普遍為人所知的，科學界也試圖透過嚴謹的科學考核，證明這一事實。2012年7月7日，一群神經研究學家雲集劍橋大學，於紀念DNA之父Francis Crick的會議上，發布《劍橋宣言：關於意識》（The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness），代表科學界表態指出，非人動物——從易觀察出的哺乳類和鳥類，到難以判斷的頭足綱軟體動物如章魚和烏賊，都有意識能力。
劍橋宣言的最後一段宣稱：「缺乏大腦新皮層似乎不表示生物沒有經歷情感狀態變化的能力。各類證據皆不約而同地指出：非人動物擁有構成意識所需的神經結構、神經化學及神經生理基礎，以及有能力展示帶有意圖的行為。因此，證據充分表明人類並非唯一擁有產生意識的神經基礎物質的生物。非人動物，包括所有哺乳類及鳥類、以及其他生物，包括章魚，也擁有這些神經基礎物質。」(“The absence of a neocortex does not appear to preclude an organism from experiencing affective states. Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals have the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological substrates of conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit intentional behaviors. Consequently, the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neurological substrates that generate consciousness. Non-human animals, including all mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess these neurological substrates.”)(引自Heiman 2012)
･ Baur, Gene, 2008, Farm Sanctuary: Changing Hearts and Minds About Animals and Food. New York: Simon &Schuster.
･ Corbey, Raymond & Lanjouw, Annette (Edited), 2013, The Politics of Species - Reshaping our Relationships with Other Animals. Cambridge University Press.
･ Fox, Michael Allen著、王瑞香譯，2005，《深層素食主義》。臺北：關懷生命協會。
“I see shining fish struggling within tight nets,while I hear orioles singing carefree tunes. Even trivial creatures know thedifference between freedom and bondage. Sympathy and compassion should be butnatural to the human heart.
I do feel that spiritual progress does demand, atsome stage, that we should cease to kill our fellow creatures for thesatisfaction of our bodily wants.
美國「農場庇護所」（Farm Sanctuary）共同創辦人Gene Baur指出，一般畜牧業者自以為在農場內養殖大量動物，每天餵飼牠們，就可以了解動物。但實情並非如此，當動物被關在狹窄的空間裡，牠們無法表現出自然天性，我們也因此而無法對動物有更多了解。在工廠化農場，這些動物無法做牠自己（These animals aren’t able to be who they are）。
「劍橋宣言的最後一段宣稱：「缺乏大腦新皮層似乎不表示生物沒有經歷情感狀態變化的能力。各類證據皆不約而同地指出：非人動物擁有構成意識所需的神經結構、神經化學及神經生理基礎物質，以及有能力展示帶有意圖的行為。因此，證據充份表明人類並非唯一擁有產生意識的神經基礎物質的生物。非人動物，包括所有哺乳類及鳥類、以及其他生物，包括章魚，也擁有這些神經基礎物質。」(“The absence of a neocortex does not appear to preclude an organism from experiencing affective states. Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals have the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological substrates of conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit intentional behaviors. Consequently, the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neurological substrates that generate consciousness. Nonhuman animals, including all mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess these neurological substrates.”) (The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness, 2012, P.2)」
◆ The animals of the world exist for their own reasons. They were not made for humans any more than black people were made for whites or women for men.
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发表于 12-11-2014 11:17 AM
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