Ajanta Caves - 阿旃陀佛教石窟

越光宝盒2 · 发表于 25-5-2012 12:53 AM

本帖最后由越光宝盒2 于 25-5-2012 01:15 PM 编辑

大家好，我花了一段时间翻译出来的。
这是一个在印度的估计，被列为世界文化遗产，在公元前200年就建立起来了。里面的壁画清楚交代了一些事，比如佛陀过去世修行的故事(本生故事), 佛陀说法结的手印等等那时候就有了。甚至还有菩萨等的图像。

Ajanta Caves - 阿旃陀佛教石窟
出处: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajanta_Caves

The Ajanta Caves in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra, India are 30 rock-cut cave monuments which date from the 2nd century BCE to the 600 CE.
在印度Maharashtra，一个叫Aurangabad区的阿旃陀石窟，是个30切岩洞穴的古迹，大约在公元前2世纪和公元后6世纪期间建立。
The caves include paintings and sculptures considered to be masterpieces of Buddhist religious art (which depict the Jataka tales) as well as frescos which are reminiscent of the Sigiriya paintings in Sri Lanka.
石窟里面的绘画和雕塑作品，被认为是佛教艺术的经典（这些壁画和雕塑都在描绘佛陀的本生故事），这些壁画也不让人联想到斯里兰卡闻名于世的锡吉里耶壁画。
The caves were built in two phases starting around 2nd century BCE, with the second group of caves built around 600 CE. It is a protected monument under the Archaeological Survey of India.
这些石窟被相信有经过两个时期的建立，第一个时期开始于公元前两世纪，而地期待石窟是在公元6世纪期间雕设。这个石窟现在在印度考古学的保护和管理之下。
Since 1983, the Ajanta Caves have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
自1983年以来，阿旃陀石窟已经被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产。
The caves are located in the Indian state of Maharashtra, near Jalgaon, just outside the village of Ajinṭhā.
这个石窟座落于印度的Maharashtra州，近Jalgaon, 只是在Ajintha村落外。
Caves are only about 59 kilometers from Jalgaon Railway station (on Delhi - Mumbai, Rail line of the Central railways, India); and 104 kilometers from Aurangabad (from Ellora Caves 100 Kilometers).
石窟距离Jalgaon火车站约59公里，从Aurangabad来则有104公里。

(持莲花菩萨图)

First period
第一个时期

According to Spink (2006), the first phase was the construction of sanctuaries (known as chaytia-grihas) built during the period 100 BCE to 100 CE, probably under the patronage of the Satavahana dynasty (230 BCE - c. 220 CE) in the canyons of the Waghora River.
根据学者斯宾克(2006)的研究，第一关时期是圣所的建设 (known as chaytia-grihas唤作佛塔寺庙) 大概公元前100年和公元后100年间，很有可能是获得在印度在Waghora河峡谷的伐迦陀迦王朝(公元前230 - 公元220) 之下建立。

The caves 9, 10, 12 and 15A were constructed during this period.Murals preserved from this time belong to the oldest monuments of painted art in India.
洞穴9，10，12及15A条被修建在属于印度具有最古老壁画期间。

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Second period
第二时期

Scholars disagree about the date of the Ajanta Caves' second period.
学者不赞成第二时期的石窟建立。

For a time it was thought that the work was done over a long period from the fourth to the 7th century AD, but recently long-time researcher Walter M. Spink declared that most of the work took place over short time period, from 460 to 480 CE, during the reign of Emperor Harishena of the Vakataka dynasty.
曾经一段时期，人们普遍认为第二时期的建设是经过长久的时间，大约始于4-7世纪间，但是最近历深的研究者Walter M. Spink,宣布说，基本上许多的工程都是在短时间内建立，是在 Harishena of the Vakataka朝代即460 到 480年间(注:就是4世纪期间)所完成。

Some 20 cave temples were simultaneously created, for the most part viharas: monasteries with a sanctuary in the structure's rear centre. Each of cave temples seem to be patronised by influential authority, numerous best available artists have been involved in the work with fruitful rivalry between the neighbouring construction sites
一些20个石窟，大部分寺院，坐落于圣所后的修行场地也是在同时间内建设的。每个石窟似乎都好像经过当时最具影响力的艺术家参与，在每个石窟间争相比美。
According to Spink, the Ajanta Caves appear to have been abandoned shortly after the fall of Harishena c. 480 CE. Since then, these temples have been abandoned and gradually forgotten. During the intervening centuries, the jungle grew back and the caves were hidden, unvisited and undisturbed.
根据Spink, 阿旃陀石窟在Harishena王朝的衰弱下被遗弃。自那以后，就渐渐的被人遗忘。在那期间，森林蔓延生长，把石窟隐藏，与世隔绝。

Rediscovery by Europeans
被欧洲人发现

On 28 April 1819, a British officer for the Madras Presidency, John Smith, of the 28th Cavalry, while hunting tiger, accidentally discovered the entrance to one of the cave temples (Cave No. 10) deep within the tangled undergrowth. Exploring that first cave, long since a home to nothing more than birds and bats and a lair for other, larger, animals, Captain Smith scratched his name in on one of the pillars. Still faintly visible, it records his name and the date, April 1819. Since he stood on a five foot high pile of rubble collected over the years, the inscription is well above the eye-level gaze of an adult.Shortly after this discovery, the Ajanta Caves became renowned for their exotic setting, impressive architecture, historic artwork, and long-forgotten history.
1819年，英国的军官John Smith, 带着28号骑兵猎虎，无意中发现了林下隐秘的石窟入口(第10石窟), 在他继续探索之下，一个隐藏悠久，成了鸟，蝙蝠，大型走兽的巢穴的石窟，终于再次被人发现， Smith军官，还在其中一个柱子上，留下了名字。至今依然可见。他在柱子上，写下了他的名字和日期，4月1819年。之后，他收集了5英尺高的石窟瓦砾，足以鉴实在的证明他的文字记载所见，很快的，阿旃陀石窟成了人们眼中印象深刻的建筑，闻名于历史悠久的艺术品，一段长期被遗忘的历史重建天日。

Cave One
第一石窟

The first cave was built on the eastern end of the horse-shoe shaped scarp.
第一个石窟是建立与东段，在整个马蹄形状的阿旃陀石窟的东边。

According to Spink, it is one of the latest caves to have begun on site and brought to near-completion in the Vākāţaka phase.Although there is no epigraphic evidence, it has been proposed that the Vākāţaka king Harisena may have been the benefactor of this better-preserved cave. A dominant reason for this is that Harisena was not involved initially in patronizing Ajanta.
根据学者Spink, 第一个石窟是在印度Vakataka时期就接近建立完成。虽然没有明确记载，但他相信， Vakataka王朝的君主Harisena, 是保护这个石窟的主要功臣，主要原因是，他未曾接近过阿旃陀.

This cave has one of the most elaborate carvings on its facade with relief sculptures on entablature and ridges.
这个石窟有着精致的雕刻呈现在柱顶和山脊上的浮雕上。

There are scenes carved from the life of the Buddha as well as a number of decorative motifs.
这些雕刻以佛陀的生作为各种装置的主题。

A two pillared portico, visible in the 19th-century photographs, has since perished.
两柱的门廊，在19世纪的照片中可见，已经损坏。

The cave has a front-court with cells fronted by pillared vestibules on either side.
这石窟的前院，都是两排的柱子。
These have a high plinth level. 也有较高的基座。
The cave has a porch with simple cells on both ends. 这石窟有简单的门廊。

(以下都是形容内部情形，不太好翻译)
The absence of pillared vestibules on the ends suggest that the porch was not excavated in the latest phase of Ajanta when pillared vestibules had become a necessity and norm. Most areas of the porch were once covered with murals, of which many fragments remain. There are three doorways: a central doorway and two side doorways. Two square windows were carved between the doorways to brighten the interiors.
Each wall of the hall inside is nearly 40 feet (12 m) long and 20 feet (6.1 m) high. Twelve pillars make a square colonnade inside supporting the ceiling, and creating spacious aisles along the walls.

There is a shrine carved on the rear wall to house an impressive seated image of the Buddha, his hands being in the 'dharmachakrapravartana mudra. There are four cells on each of the left, rear, and the right walls. The walls are covered with paintings in a fair state of preservation. The scenes depicted are mostly didactic, devotional, and ornamental. The themes are from the Jataka stories (the stories of the Buddha's former existences as Bodhisattva), the life of the Gautama Buddha, and those of his veneration.
大殿上有一个让人印象深刻的佛陀形象，他的手结成‘dharmachakrapravartana’手印，每个坐，右，后方的墙上都有四个单元。墙上都画满了至今保持良好的壁画。壁画描绘的情景，都是佛陀在说教，虔诚信仰的情景。这些绘画都是取材于来自佛陀本生故事(就是佛陀过去世作为菩萨修行时候的事迹) ，佛陀这世的生活，和弟子们敬仰的情景

佛陀成道时候，降伏魔军图

越光宝盒2 · 发表于 25-5-2012 12:54 AM

本帖最后由越光宝盒2 于 25-5-2012 01:12 PM 编辑

Cave Two
第二石窟

Cave 2, adjacent to Cave 1, is known for the paintings that have been preserved on its walls, ceilings, and pillars. It looks similar to Cave 1 and is in a better state of preservation.
第二石窟，作为第一石窟的毗邻，较第一石窟保持得更良好，闻名于它墙上，顶上，和柱子上所保留的壁画。

The facade
第二石窟的外表形象

Cave 2 has a porch quite different from Cave one. Even the facade carvings seem to be different. The cave is supported by robust pillars, ornamented with designs. The size and ground plan have many things in common with the first cave.
石窟2有一个的门廊相当不同于石窟1。甚至门面雕刻都不一样的。石窟有强大支柱在支持着，还有许多雕刻的装饰。地面的蓝图却和第一石窟有许多共同点。

The porch
门廊

（以下这段不翻译，都是设计)
The front porch consists of cells supported by pillared vestibules on both ends. The cells on the previously "wasted areas" were needed to meet the greater housing requirements in later years. Porch-end cells became a trend in all later Vakataka excavations. The simple single cells on porch-ends were converted into CPVs or were planned to provide more room, symmetry, and beauty.

The paintings on the ceilings and walls of this porch have been widely published. They depict the Jataka tales that are stories of the Buddha's life in former existences as Bodhisattva.
石窟内的屋顶和墙壁上的绘画，已经被广泛的公诸于世。他们描述着佛陀的本生故事，即佛陀这一生前作为菩萨修行时候的故事。

The porch's rear wall has a doorway in the center, which allows entrance to the hall. On either side of the door is a square-shaped window to brighten the interior.

The hall
大殿
The hall has four colonnades which are supporting the ceiling and surrounding a square in the center of the hall.
大殿有四个石柱支撑着屋顶，围绕着组成一个四方形。

Each arm or colonnade of the square is parallel to the respective walls of the hall, making an aisle in between.
这四个石柱平行着在石窟与墙壁间形成一个走道。
The colonnades have rock-beams above and below them. The capitals are carved and painted with various decorative themes that include ornamental, human, animal, vegetative, and semi-divine forms.
这石柱上下都有横梁。中心是雕刻着这个装饰，包括人，动物，植物，半人半神的形状的生物。 (注:应该是人非人等的天龙八部)

白象

白猴(本生经故事)

The paintings
画作

Paintings appear on almost every surface of the cave except for the floor.
绘图壁画几乎出现在每一个石窟的表面上，除了地板。
At various places the art work has become eroded due to decay and human interference.
在石窟的许多地方，这些艺术作品都已经褪色和损坏，缘于年久的衰减和人们的干预。
Therefore, many areas of the painted walls, ceilings, and pillars are fragmentary.
隐藏，许多地方的壁画，包括墙，屋顶，柱子开始出现支离破碎。
The painted narratives of the Jataka tales are depicted only on the walls, which demanded the special attention of the devotee.
墙壁上绘着佛陀的本生故事，追随者需要特别的留意。
They are didactic in nature, meant to inform the community about the Buddha's teachings and life through successive rebirths.
这些绘画在本意上，向大众描述着佛陀的教诲，过去世，一世一世轮回修行的故事。
Their placement on the walls required the devotee to walk through the aisles and 'read' the narratives depicted in various episodes.
这些绘图的位置，让追随者跟着跑道，读着佛陀修行故事的各种情节的描述。
The narrative episodes are depicted one after another although not in a linear order.
这些描述不是在一个线性的顺序。
Their identification has been a core area of research since the site's rediscovery in 1819. Dieter Schlingloff's identifications have updated our knowledge on the subject.
这些绘画的辨认，一直是自1819年发现以来所研究的核心。迪特尔Schlingloff的鉴定的努力已经更新我们的知识。
Some believe that the art work has erroneously been alluded to as "fresco", rather than mural, and assert that the technique and process used to produce this kind of artwork is unlike any other artwork found in the art history of other civilizations, including within the history of South Asian art.
(注: Fresco 和 Mural虽然翻译为壁画，但有意义上的分布。我略过，不翻译), 这些壁画采用的工艺，是不同于其他文明的艺术史中，或在南亚艺术中找到。

Cave Four
石窟四

The Archeological Survey of India board outside the caves gives the following detail about cave 4 : "This is the largest monastery planned on a grandiose scale but was never finished.An inscription on the pedestal of the buddha's image mentions that it was a gift from a person named Mathura and paleographically belongs to 6 th century A.D. It consists of a verandah , a hypostylar hall, sanctum with an antechamber and a series of unfinished cells.The sanctum houses a colossal image of Lord buddha in preaching pose flanked by Bodhisattvas and celestial nymphs hovering above.The rear wall of the verandah contains the panel of Litany of Avalokiteśvara"
印度的考古调查，这样形容第四石窟， "这是这里最大的修行场所，有着宏伟的规模，但是还没完成。在石窟内佛陀的基座上描述着这是来自一个叫Mathura人物的礼物，在考古的鉴定下，它属于6世纪时候的产物。这石窟有个阳台，膜拜礼堂，圣所，前厅，还有许多未完成的单元。这圣所，有着一个巨大佛陀在说法的形象，两侧有菩萨（Bodhisattvas)，天人，天女在徘徊飞翔。阳台的后方，有一个长串的面板写着观世音菩萨的祈祷文。