本帖最后由 otkkalahteruk 于 9-1-2017 09:32 PM 编辑
（體育）英國在奧運會上成功的秘密
新華社裏約熱內盧
新華社記者王子江
１９９６年亞特蘭大奧運會上，英國隊只拿到一塊金牌，位居獎牌榜第３６位；而裏約奧運會到１９日為止，他們已拿下２４金２２銀１４銅，超越中國隊居獎牌榜第二位，僅落後於美國。《泰晤士報》評論說：“英國超越了人口總數２０倍於他們的中國，將德國、意大利和法國甩了幾條街。”那麼，２０年間英國體壇究竟發生了什么，讓他們取得了如此巨大的進步呢？
簡單說來，英國運動員的成功，最重要的秘密就是國家彩票、金牌戰略和科學的訓練方式。
（小標題）國家彩票
英國的國家彩票是在１９９４年成立的，英國兵敗亞特蘭大之後，當時的梅傑政府意識到只有加大體育事業的投入，才能保證英國運動員在未來的奧運會上贏得獎牌。１９９７年，一個專門負責向體育領域分配政府撥款和國家彩票資金的組織成立，名字叫做英國體育理事會。
英國國會之後對國家彩票收入的分配比例進行了嚴格的規定，其中的一半作為獎金，２８％成為公益基金，投到體育、藝術以及遺產保護等事業中，據透露，到２０１４年，國家彩票為公益基金籌到的資金大約為３１０億英鎊（２７３０億人民幣），體育領域佔公益基金的比例為五分之一。
除了彩票收入外，英國財政也加大了對體育領域的投入，現在彩票收入佔到體育總撥款的７５％，財政撥款佔２５％，所有這些錢的分配都由英國體育理事會負責。
（小標題）撥款與獎牌掛鉤
英國體育理事會制定了非常嚴格的撥款制度，按照未來一個奧運會週期內體育項目奪牌的可能性來決定撥款金額的多少。這樣做的唯一目的就是要在世界大賽上贏得獎牌，不能奪牌的項目就要削減資金。只要能奪牌，就能獲得金錢上的回報。
在裏約奧運會週期的四年裏，英國體育理事會投入了３.５５億英鎊。在倫敦奧運會上表現最好的賽艇、自行車、田徑、皮划艇和帆船等項目得到的撥款最多。包括乒乓球和籃球等根本沒有希望奪牌的項目，基本上得不到資助。
另外，原來的強項游泳由於在２０１２年奧運會上發揮失常，他們的撥款被削減了４００萬英鎊，英國游泳協會之後被迫更換了教練和訓練方式。這次奧運會上英國游泳隊贏得了１金５銀，超額完成了目標，預計未來一個奧運週期的撥款將會增加。
得到了撥款之後，很多業餘選手就可以為了奧運會進行全職的訓練，再也不用擔心生計問題。
對於那些職業化較強的項目，譬如足球、高爾夫、網球和橄欖球等，英國體育理事會不會出一分錢，因為它們完全可以通過贊助或其他方式得到足夠的資金。本屆奧運會上，網球名將穆雷成功衛冕男單金牌，但他仍然得不到資助。
（小標題）仔細規劃、科學訓練
如果看一下英國獲得的金牌，就知道它們大多都來自比較冷門的項目，這都是經過仔細規劃的，自行車、帆船、馬術等項目在國際上競爭並不是太激烈，而賽艇和帆船等項目雖然昂貴，但都是英國私立學校比較傳統的項目，在來自富裕家庭的孩子中比較普及。譬如在裏約獲得賽艇項目獎牌的運動員中，有三人來自牛津大學，還有其他不少運動員都畢業於學費高昂的私立中學。
英國還大力從國外引進高水準的教練。他們的賽艇教練格裏布萊爾就曾擔任民主德國國家隊的主教練，他的訓練方式成為英國運動員成功的關鍵因素。英國跳水運動員拉伕爾和米爾斯擊敗中國選手秦凱和曹緣贏得雙人三米板金牌，這是英國歷史上的第一塊跳水金牌，這一切都與中國教練陳文分不開。陳文以前是北京跳水隊總教練，曾在澳大利亞執教八年，後來被任命為英國跳水隊總教練。英國游泳隊更是請了很多澳大利亞教練，自２００６年起，澳大利亞泳壇名帥集體來到英國，幾乎在那裏建立了一個“新澳大利亞”。
高科技訓練方式也是英國運動員成功的另一個重要因素。英國自行車隊在本屆奧運會贏得６金４銀１銅，是貢獻最大的項目，他們在平時的訓練中採用了很多號稱尖端的科技。他們把電腦分析和空氣動力技術運用到訓練中，這些高科技項目本來是為一級方程式賽車選手設計的，通過監控運動衣手臂上塑膠標誌表面的空氣流動，就可以得出他們訓練的品質和水準，從而推斷他們最終的比賽成績。
英國在賽艇艇身和槳的設計上也採用了高科技，力爭做到設備上領先對手。
（小標題）完善制度
為了備戰奧運會，英國各個運動協會內部的管理與大部分國家不太一樣，每個協會都引入了“表現總監”，負責發現苗子、引入合適的教練和制訂訓練計劃等等一切可能奪牌的制度。
為了增加奪牌項目，英國體育理事會也時刻注意各個項目運動員的發揮，一旦發現有的運動員在冷門項目上有超水準發揮，他們會立刻進行考察，作為下一個奧運會週期的重點對象進行培養。
當然，如果運動員不吃苦，所有的一切外部條件都等於零。英國運動員為了獲得成功，也常年進行艱苦的訓練。賽艇隊的格裏布萊爾教練就說：“勝利沒有秘訣，那就是艱苦的訓練和精心的準備。”在裏約獲得兩塊體操金牌的維特洛克說：“很多年來，我一直在體育館里長時間的訓練，日復一日，年復一年。你在奧運會上只有一分鐘的時間來展示你多年來一直做的事情。”
通過以彩票基金為主的“奧運戰略”，兵敗亞特蘭大之後的２０年中，英國在參加的５屆奧運會上，獎牌數每次都有增加，到北京時候贏得了１９金，創造１００年來的最佳戰績，２０１２年他們憑藉東道主之利，一舉拿下２９金。他們在裏約的目標是贏得４８塊獎牌，創造本土之外舉辦的奧運會的紀錄，到８月１９日為止，他們的獎牌數已經達到６０塊，超額完成了任務。他們成功的經驗，的確值得我們好好研究。（完）
依照英國佬的模式，我國每年應該可以省下幾千萬
很好很好～～ 
This Olympics hysteria shows that Britain has turned Soviet
[size=2.25]Simon Jenkins
[size=1.125]We used to ridicule the communists for using sport as a proxy for economic success. Now, with the vast sums thrown at Team GB and athletes declared ‘heroes’, we’re copying them
[backcolor=rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.6)] ‘I was touched, like everyone, by the Jason Kenny/Laura Trott ‘golden love bond’, but how many times did I need to see them in tears?’ Photograph: David Davies/PA[size=0.75]Wednesday 17 August 2016 19.22 BSTLast modified on Saturday 20 August 201610.18 BST
Comments[size=1.125]2,136
[size=0.75][url=https://profile.theguardian.com/save-content?INTCMP=DOTCOM_ARTICLE_SFL&returnUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2016%2Faug%2F17%2Folympics-hysteria-britain-turned-soviet-team-gb&shortUrl=/p/5v88p&platform=web hrome:wide]Save for later[/url]
Australia’s cycling star, Anna Meares, said of Britain’s triumphant cyclists: “They’ve got it together … but, to be honest, I’m not exactly sure what they’ve got together.” The French and Germans were heard to murmur likewise. One interpretation could be that murky word “cheating”, although Meares strongly denied that she had ever suggested this. Given the recent history of the Olympics and the fierce pressure on British athletes, the accusation is pardonable. I doubt if it is true. What Britain “got together” was the money. Is that cheating? I have intermittently enjoyed the Olympics on television. Mostly it is hours of flatulent BBC staff killing time by interviewing one another, interspersed with a few seconds of mostly baffling hysterics. Clare Balding appears in perpetual shriek: “Oh my God, I think our great British paint is drying faster than the Russian and the Colombian paint – but we must await a decision from the judges.” [size=1.25][url=]Analysis 'Brutal but effective': why Team GB has won so many Olympic medals[/url]
[size=0.875]Sports that have helped propel Britain up the medal table have been rewarded with extra investment while others have had their funding cut altogether
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Then on Tuesday night the BBC went bananas. At 10 o’clock we were denied important news – of Anjem Choudary’s conviction, of swingeing tax fines and of possible “special status” for Britain outside the EU. Instead we had to sit for an hour and a half, waiting for three minutes of BBC pandemonium as British cyclists yet again pedalled fast. We had to watch while the BBC aired pictures of its own commentary box punching the air and howling. These were not so much journalists as state cheerleaders. I was touched, like everyone, by the Jason Kenny/Laura Trott “golden love bond”, but how many times did I need to see them in tears? It was a total collapse of news values, the corporation peddling tabloid chauvinist schlock.
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Throughout the cold war, Soviet bloc nations used sport as a proxy for economic success. With the connivance of the International Olympic Committee, they turned what used to be an amateur sport into the equivalent of a national defence force, hurling money and status at their athletes while the IOC turned the Games into a lavish field of the cloth of gold – at some poor taxpayer’s expense. The west used to ridicule the communists for this. Their athletes were derided as state employees, civil servants and cheats. Of course many took drugs. Winning was what mattered to the Soviets, the state media being monopolised to convince their people that their “system” was better. Since Atlanta in 1996, Britain has followed suit. The poor performance of British athletes was considered by John Major as a comment on his government. He demanded medals, and lots of them. The subsidy to “elite” sport was increased tenfold, from ￡5m to ￡54m, while popular sports facilities were closing. Money was directed specifically at disciplines where individuals could win multiple medals rather than just one, away from field athletics to cycling and gymnastics. It worked. The medals tally at Sydney 2000 rose from 15 to 28. A UK Sport graph tracks the precise link between government grant (dressed up as lottery money) and Olympic medals. By 2012, this had risen to ￡264m, delivering 65 medals (just over ￡4m a medal). For Rio it has been ￡350m for the Olympics and Paralympics, with the target that Britain become “the first host nation to eclipse our London 2012 medal haul”. 
[size=1.25][url=]Team GB's Olympics success shows UK can thrive outside EU, say Brexiters[/url]
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No surprise, it is working. The best coaches were hired. Talent was ruthlessly selected and nurtured. Money was lavished on research, equipment, clothing and peak performance timing. The French and Germans noted that the British are doing far better in Rio than at recent world championships. Here clearly is one field in which British state investment knows how to pick winners. Iain Dyer, Britain’s star cycling coach, talks like a Formula One boss. “We peaked in our research and innovation. The helmets were the 2012 ones, but the bikes are new, and different components and strategies are used for the first time.” Aerodynamic suits with magic chevrons are everywhere. [size=0.75]Advertisement
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Athletes are unique among public servants in enjoying a hypothecated tax to give themselves up to ￡28,000 a year “to concentrate on training”. Poor countries can eat their hearts out. I am thrilled by personal success, by Mo Farah’s 10,000m, Charlotte Dujardin’s horsemanship, Wayde van Niekerk’s 400m and Simone Biles’ mesmerising gymnastics. They are a joy to watch. But I do not mind their nationality. The nationalisation of sport – the hamfisted draping in the union jack after breasting the tape – so clearly diminishes the individual achievement. Ever since its introduction by Hitler at the 1936 Olympics, such chauvinism has infused democratic as well as authoritarian regimes. Olympic Games are like wars, foreign adventures offering regimes a salve to domestic woes. Athletes are recruited to the flag like soldiers. They are declared “heroes” and showered with honours. 
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For years, the Olympics were corrupted by shamateurism and drugs. The IOC, with British representatives present, knew perfectly well what was happening, but turned a blind eye. The most honest gold medal of recent years should have gone to the British media, alone in relentlessly revealing corruption and cheating in international sport. Yet it was accused by Britain’s Lord Coe of “a declaration of war on my sport”. When this was seen to be rubbish, he did not resign. He was declared an expert on sports ethics and appointed to the IOC. The Russians who blew the whistle on athletics doping are now forced to hide for their lives somewhere in America. These are the realities that should sit alongside the “heroism” of today’s games. None of this explains the BBC, which has brought Rio close to a British National party awayday. The Chinese had it right. They used to dedicate their medals to the Chinese Communist party and people, who after all had paid for them. As for the accusations against Britain’s cyclists, the response is simple. Who needs to cheat with drugs when medals go to money? Perhaps the best answer is for countries that have no money to be allowed drugs, to level the playing field. They are cheaper.
不過，英國 衛報還是鳥英國政府到亂。。。一個獎牌400萬英鎊，真是浪費～～
還諷刺吃什麼藥，因為錢已經是王道
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