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发表于 5-12-2004 05:54 PM
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发表于 5-12-2004 09:23 PM
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要找甲虫就得等非常热的天气，你会发觉树干上有黑黑色的，动也不动的东西，那就是甲虫。。。
要不然呢你也可以在腐烂的木材堆里找到它们。。 |
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发表于 5-12-2004 09:34 PM
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雨天之魂 于 5-12-2004 05:34 PM 说 :
屁股屁股屁股...
我在我家后院捉了19只翼龙, 18只独角兽, 17只半兽人, 16只哈比人叻...
-_-" 我还听你车...妖..
BluStAr: 看帖不回, 坏习惯..一定要改  我答应你什么东西噢?
:~ 你们都有得去玩的 ...
什么跟什么嘛...
人家明明有抓到那么多只,干嘛说到好象我是骗人的..
我一个星期去油棕园两次耶,每次都花七个小时寻找耶..
有时还会遇到蛇,真的很辛苦!!
随然有些是抓回一样的,担我们都不放过,因为朋友们都没抓到,所以我们就送他们罗.. |
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发表于 5-12-2004 10:59 PM
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发表于 5-12-2004 11:05 PM
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bea2boy 于 5-12-2004 09:34 PM 说 :
什么跟什么嘛...
人家明明有抓到那么多只,干嘛说到好象我是骗人的..
我一个星期去油棕园两次耶,每次都花七个小时寻找耶..
有时还会遇到蛇,真的很辛苦!!
随然有些是抓回一样的,担我们都不放过,因为朋友们都没 ...
hahaha.
我只是找了四个小时。晚上8.30 到12.00 多。
收获还不错啦，有些是在地上，我们捡既可以了！
又能顺便拍拍照，参观参观。
没你那么痛苦。
找几只甲虫给我吧！哈哈。 |
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发表于 6-12-2004 11:50 AM
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haha，我也是今年 Form 6-Biology 的学生。。。昆虫的脚很容易断。。。好残！！！！植物的还没有找完。。。才找到 4 种而已！！！ |
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发表于 6-12-2004 11:53 AM
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发表于 6-12-2004 01:31 PM
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发表于 6-12-2004 01:32 PM
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ShiWei-Mocha 于 6-12-2004 11:53 说 :
为什么要打晕它？？？用chroroform 就可以弄晕它了！！！！
可以的话, 我还是建议你们别用 chloroform.
直接塞进 formalin 里就会死了.
再不然就直接用针把它钉死在白板上, 然后再用刷子上药. |
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发表于 6-12-2004 04:29 PM
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发表于 6-12-2004 06:21 PM
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发表于 6-12-2004 06:33 PM
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mamy 于 6-12-2004 17:10 说 :
你们有谁当中是中６biologi生（或曾经是）请帮帮忙！我正在做exp20，就是收集各种泥土然后分析那个。我不知道整份folio该怎么写，需要什么资料，因为我是group leader，所以我得找出来！希望能有一些contoh可以模 ...
这是我的.
http://s12.yousendit.com/d.aspx? ... 1B61E15E1237A3579C7
几天内会自动被删. 要下要快. 自己要再补充一些部分.
植物的名字到图书馆找书, 常见的一定有.
昆虫的 order 不会可以用 camera 拍了放上来找人鉴定.
其实昆虫命名有一个规矩的..跟着就好了.
你要的话, 跟着这个去一步一步鉴定.
http://www.earthlife.net/insects/orders-key.html
不然的话, 大概跟着这个归类就可以了.
ORTHOPTERA: grasshoppers, crickets
COLEOPTERA: beetles
LEPIDOPTERA: butterflies, moths
DIPTERA: flies, mosquitoes
HYMENOPTERA: ants, wasps, bees
HEMIPTERA: true bugs
HOMOPTERA: aphids, cicadas
DERMAPTERA: earwigs
ODONATA: dragonflies
ISOPTERA: termites
THYSANOPTERA: thrips
NEUROPTERA: ant lions
COLLEMBOLA: springtails
PROTURA: proturans
DIPLURA: diplurans
THYSANURA: bristletails
EPHEMERIDA: mayflies
PLECOPTERA: stoneflies
EMBIOPTERA: webspinners
PSOCOPTERA: booklice
ZORAPTERA: zorapterans
MALLOPHAGA: chewing lice
ANOPLURA: sucking lice
STREPSIPTERA: twisted-winged parasites
MECOPTERA: scorpionflies
TRICOPTERA: caddisflies
SIPHONAPTERA: fleas
bugs, true bugs 和 beetle 会比较难区分. 自己去研究一下再说. |
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楼主 |
发表于 7-12-2004 11:00 AM
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谢谢！
但是那个The Division of The Observational Area 和The Plan of The Observational Area 是要写什么的？ |
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发表于 7-12-2004 02:42 PM
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mamy 于 7-12-2004 11:00 说 :
谢谢！
但是那个The Division of The Observational Area 和The Plan of The Observational Area 是要写什么的？
The Plan of The Observational Area 是要你画该地区的地图.
The Division of The Observational Area 是如果你的地区太大, 你就需要把它分成 area A, area B, area C 这样子, 然后你做那些 analysis 的时候就可以说你的 sample is obtained from area A/B/C.
方便记录而已. |
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楼主 |
发表于 7-12-2004 03:52 PM
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发表于 23-12-2004 07:41 PM
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假期里有点懒散., 没人谈起中六的生物了噢?
正好这几天有需要重新整理过我 Form 6 Biology 的笔记,
顺道就放上来咯. 有需要解释欢迎提问.
注: 我只是综合几本课本,把里面原有的东西简化,
有些东西我觉得只是在做无谓的解释, 我就省略了,
还有一些是后面会再提起的, 我也先保留了. |
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发表于 24-12-2004 02:50 PM
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发表于 24-12-2004 03:32 PM
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发表于 25-12-2004 01:59 AM
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卷一 Basic Chemistry of Cell
Water
-solvent properties(polarity-electrolyte)
-highest density at 4'c (layer of ice above water)
-high specific heat capacity/vaporization(minimal water loss)
-transparency (allow photosynthesis of aquatic plants)
-hard to compress (hydroskeleton)
-low viscosity (lubricant-pleural fluid)
-high surface tension/cohesive force(habitat/transpiration)
前面是特性, 括号里的是用途或解释里的重点.
Carbohydrate
monosaccharide- triose(3c)- glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone.
- pentose(5c)-ribose, deoxyribose, ribulose.
- hexose(6c)- glucose, galactose, fructose.
α-glucose 尾端的 H 向上, β-glucose 尾端的 H 向下.
大概学会画那几个 hexose 的图画.
disaccharide -sucrose(glu+fru), -maltose(glu+glu), -lactose(glu+galac)
(condensation reaction, forming glycosidic bond)
reducing sugar + Benedict/Fehling solution = red ppt.
(glu, galac, fruc, mal, lac)
polysaccharide -starch- amylose- straight chain, 250-300 units.
- amylopectin-branched chain, >10,000 units.
-glycogen -simlar to amylopectin, >30,000 units, in animal.
-cellulose -by β-glucose, forming plant cell wall.
straight chain, cross-linked by H-H bonds, insoluble.
前里的记得例子就够了, poly的就需要念得比较仔细些
Lipids
-energy source, formation of other chemicals,
heat insulator, waterproof, shock absorber.
-saturated -single bond, animal fat/coconut oil,
readily deposite on arterial wall.eg. stearic acid, palmitic acid.
-unsaturated -with double bond, plant oils, readily metabolised,
not as readily solidifiied when cool.
eg. oleic acid, linoleic acid.
记得例子
-phospholipid(eg. lecithin) -are amphipathic(hydrophilic+phobic),
act as detergent, cell membrane component.
-LDL - transport cholesterol from liver to tissue, causing blockage.
HDL - transport ... from tissue to liver to be excreted.
记得 H for healthy, L for lousy.
-steroids -4 fused hydrocarbon rings. eg.cholesterol, testosterone..
-synthesis of sex hormone, membrane structure, vitamin D in skin
and production of bile salt.
后面一部分是关于 steroid hormone 被滥用的, 可以自己参考课本.
基本上书的两个例子(estro/testos..)差不多, 都是用来建立肌肉.
后果就是导致类似性无能的结果.
Protein
-polypeptides formed by amino acid.
polar=serine, non-polar=glycine, acidic=aspartic acid, basic=lysine.
这是四种主要的归类法, 每种记得一个例子就够.
切切记得不用背那些 amino acid 的名字和结构.
不需要的.
-soluble in water, can be crystallised, high melting point(H-H bond),
amphoteric(acidic+basic), act as pH buffer.
-primary structure- sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bond.
-secondary structure- α -helix, β-pleated sheet structure of the
primary structure. (by H-H bond)
-tertiary structure- folding/coiling of secondary structure to form globule
(by disulphide bond, ionic bond, H-H bond,
Van der waals forces, hydrophobic reaction)(eg. myoglobin)
-quaternary structure- attachment of >2 subunits to form a macrounit.
(eg.haemoglobin)
这个部分考试常有, 其实就是 primary 的卷一堆变第二种,
再卷一堆变第三种, 再堆一起变第四种. 记得 types of bonding involved.
type of protein- globular protein- spherical, soluble in water.
(eg. enzymes, antibodies)
- fibrous protein- hair-like, insoluble.
(eg. collagen in skin, keratin in hair, actin/myosin in muscle)
Nucleic acid
double ring --> Purine -A, G (A<-->T/U) 2 Hydrogen bond.
single ring --> Pyrimidine-C,U,T (C<-->G) 3 Hydrogen bond.
C,U,T for CUT, 把 double ring 剪了就剩 single ring 了.
其他的后面会再提起, 暂时先跳过.
Minerals
K, Na - nerve transmission.
Phosphorus, Ca, Mg - bone, teeth formation.
Fe - haemoglobin.
Zn - wound healing.
I - thyroid hormone synthesis.
记得主要的 minerals 和关键字, 其他的忘记就算了.
Vitamins
Fat soluble- A -eye sight.
D -absorption of Ca and phosphorus(bone formation)
E -antioxidant.
K -blood clotting.
Water soluble- B -coenzymes.
C -antioxidant.
B complex 都大同小异. antioxidant 是消除体内的 free radicals.
Movement of substance
Passive transport-requires no energy, follows a concentration gradient. stops when equilibrium.
->Diffusion -movement of solute from region with high [ ] to
region with low [ ].(eg. gaseous exchange)
->Facilitated diffusion -movement of substance across membrane with
the help of channel protein.
Can be saturated.(glucose in/out red blood cell)
->Osmosis -movement of water from high Ψw to low Ψw through a semi-permeable
membrane. stops when equilibrium. (Ψw=Ψs + Ψp)
Ψw 就是水的纯度, 最高为 0. 越高就表示水越干净. 水会从高 Ψw 流往低 Ψw 去洁化那个部分.
Active transport -requires ATP, with carrier/transport protein,
go against [ ] gradient, stops when no substance to transport.
(eg. mineral ions by root hair, digested food in villi)
Endocytosis -uptake of substance by cell in bulk into cell.
(phago->solid particles, pino->liquid)
Exocytosis -move materials in bulk across membrane,
in which vesicle membrane merges with cellular membrane.
Biological techniques
Chromatography -seperate mixture of chemicals of similar nature
(eg. color pigments of chlorophyll).
-depends on solubility(more soluble, move further),
molecular size(smaller size, move further),
charges(similar charge to the medium, move further)
charges 的 medium 是指它们移动的平台, 比如说那张纸
Electrophoresis -seperate substances with different charges
(antibodies, DNA fingerprinting)
X-ray diffraction -analyse 3-D structure. |
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发表于 2-1-2005 12:01 AM
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卷二 Structures of Cells & Organelles
Prokaryote
-murein cell wall, cell membrane, 70s ribosomes,
mesosome(for respiration), circular DNA, (simple)flagellum.
-without membrane-bound organelles.
-might have glycoprotein capsule.
Eukaryotes
Plant cell
-cellulose cell wall(support/protect/transport/lignified to control water loss),
smooth/rough ER, golgi body, nucleolus, nucleus, mitochondrion, chloroplast,
80s ribosome, vacuole, cell membrane, plasmodesmata.
-no centriole in plant cell.
-smooth ER for lipid synthesis.
Animal cell
-villi(increase surface area), centriole(spindle fibres in animal cell,
aid in mitosis), vesicle, cell membrane, motichondrion,
lysosome(contains digestive enzyme),
golgi body(modify, packing protein to be released),
rough(produce a lot of protein for secretion)/
smooth(detoxify in liver, stores Ca2+ in sarcoplasmic reticulum) ER,
80s ribosome(site of protein synthesis), (complex)flagellum(movement),
nucleus(contains genetic material, control the activities of cell),
nucleolus(synthesise ribosomes)
-double membrane -chloroplast, mitochondrion, nucleus.
(chloroplast/mitochondria have own genetic material)
-membrane of lysosome resistant to enzyme.
-ribosome has no membrane.
-Protoplasm = nucleoplasm + cytoplasm. (exclude vacuoles)
学习这个部分最重要的就是要会画, 和帖里的细胞图一样,
只需要大概画出轮廓, 然后可以标明就得了. 确保自己可以不用看书就可以随手画出来.
书里的总是太复杂, 并不需要那么多的. 括号里的是补充说明或用途.
至于 organlles 的部分, chloroplast 和 mitochondria 的会在后面提起,
暂时应注重于 centriole /microfilament 的部分.
Fluid Mosaic Theory (by Singer/Nicholson)
-dynamic structure, phospholipid/protein molecules can freely move about,
interchange their position. Proteins float in 'sea' of phospholipids.
-membrane formed by 2 layers of phospholipid.
Hydrophobic heads heading outside, hydrophobic tails heading inside.
-Intrinsic/extrinsic proteins act as receptor(bind to hormone),
enzyme, channel/carrier/transport protein.
-glycolipid/glycoprotein formed by oligosaccharides as receptor/
for recognition.
-Fluidity increases with more unsaturated fatty acids,
shorter fatty acid tails, increase in temperature,
and fewer steroids(cholesterol) in the membrane.
-functions: to protect, as boundary, control the passage of substances.
也得会画, 随手标明. 作文里可以上述六个重点分类写出.
它的 dynamic structure(自由移动性), bilayer, protein ,
glycolipid/protein, 影响 fluidity 的 factors, 和作用.
Cell specialisation
Meristem
-tissue that can divide by mitosis.
枝末活跃分裂的部分.
Parenchyma
-tissue with least differentiation.
-living, big vacuole, large intercellular space, thin cell wall.
-differentiate to form complex tissue.
还没有特别作用的新生植物组织.
Collenchyma
-living cell with nucleus/protoplast.
-supportive role/ meristematic.
一般已成熟的普通植物组织.
Sclerenchyma
-lignified cell wall/ dead cells /no protoplast.
-support/ protect.
已死, 表层硬化的植物组织. 主要为保护/支持
Xylem
-transport water/ support plant.
-vessels/ tracheids/ parenchyma(differentiate to form other tissues)/ sclerenchyma.
图为几种 vessels. 注意图画里强调的特征, 考题常见.
annular 是圈圈, spiral 是卷卷+横横, scalariform 是 HIV 的字形,
reticulate 旁边有缺口, pitted 有洞洞.
tracheids 是比较低级的 vessels, 有些低级的植物里只有 tracheids 而已. 能力比较差.
Phloem
-translocate food.
-Sieve elements(sieve plate/sieve tube)/ companion cell(provide energy)/ parenchyma(storage, differentiate)/ sclerenchyma(protect/support).
后面会再提起.
Covering Epithelia
-simple squamous- Bowman's capsule, blood vessels, alveolar wall.
-simple cuboidal- collecting duct, nephron tubule.
-simple columnar- intestine, stomach.
-stratified squamous- skin epidermis, oesophagus.
-stratified cuboidal- sweat gland.
-stratified columnar- mammary gland.
-pseudo stratified- trachea, bronchus, bronchiole.
-trasitional- urinary bladder.
这个没有办法, 一定得背会. 我简化后只剩关键字,
可以的话, 查看课本, 了解完整比较稳.
比如说, innermost layer of oesophagus ..etc.
Glandular epithelia
-Exocrine glands- with ducts.
-Endocrine glands- without ducts, release product directly into blood capillaries.
Nerve tissue
后面会提起
Muscle tissue
-striated muscle (skeletal/ voluntary/ syncitial) -limbs.
-smooth muscle (autonomic/ involuntary) -internal organs.
-cardiac muscle (myogenic) -heart.
Connective tissue
-compact bone(hard)
-cartilage(flexible, high tensile strength)
-blood cells.
血液常常被忽略. 其他的没有什么特别需要注意.
Analytical techniques
Centrifugation
-tissue is homoginsized using ultra sound.
-kept in cold(deactivate enzyme) and isotonic solution (prevent plasmolysis) to prevent damaging organelles.
-centrifugation at 600 gravity for 10 minutes -> seperate nuclei/unbroken cells.
10,000 g for 20 min -> mitochondria/ ER.
(ultra centri.) 100,000 g for 60 min -> ribosomes/ microfilaments.
可以成为作文考题. 第二点最重要.
Microscopy
light microscope -compound microscope(limit of resoluation = 0.2 micrometer)
-phase contrast (study living cells)
Electron microscope -transmission e- microscope(limit of resoluation = 1 nm)
-scanning e- microscope(scan the surface to form 3-D image)
大概记得各自的特性就好, 常见于选择题里.
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