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馬來西亞土生華人
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土生华人 (Peranakan Cina)
海峡华人 (Straits Chinese)
海峡土生华人(Straits-born Chinese)
土生華人在東南亞都有立足點
我找到的資料比較傾向馬來西亞的資料
所以標題我放《馬來西亞土生華人》
希望有興趣的人多多分享。
謝謝。
[ 本帖最后由 ktin_268 于 14-6-2007 08:32 PM 编辑 ] |
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楼主 |
发表于 13-6-2007 04:37 PM
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吉蘭丹土生華人
丹州是一個擁有強烈馬來色彩的地方,除了固有的華人和印度人之外,泰裔的文化色彩也彌漫其中,更特別的是,早期一些到來丹州的華人,融合了四大種族的特色,出現了所謂的土生華人。
土生華人葉景華表示,除了原本的華人宗教信仰之外,土生華人生活、文化、語言都深受馬來文化影響,甚至老一輩的土生華人會說泰語和寫爪夷文。
“在郊區生活的土生華人大多數集中在郊區,而且由于歷史背景的緣故,許多是沿著吉蘭丹河岸生活,至于城市地區的土生華人較少。”葉景華透露土生華人散佈的情況。
實際上,華人穿沙籠和吃魚露(Budu,或稱魚醬),在吉蘭丹是一件極之平常的生活習慣,但這原是土生華人的習慣,演變至今,就算非土生華人也已受到影響。
就如受訪者之一的羅定珠,在家中多是穿著沙籠,實際上,她並非是真正的土生華人,但這對她來說並不算是什么特別的事。
丹州一般的華人與土生華人並不容易區分,透過居住的建築物,如多是浮腳屋,屋內大門開啟后就能看到一個神台,貼著許多對聯,由此才能確認土生華人的身份。
“土生華人首要的條件就是至少三代或以上均在本地出生,再加上建築物的設計與內在的風格,生活上的飲食習慣,如每餐都一定會吃魚露,Nasi Ulam(由木薯葉、香蕉心、長豆等類的生菜,再配上酸辣魚和以魚露為佐料),以及與馬來人相似的忌諱,基本上就是可被冠為土生華人。”葉景華透露如何辨別土生華人的方法。
葉景華也是吉蘭丹中華獨中校長,他表示,食用魚露或是馬來食物,在丹州的華人群中已經是司空見慣的事,甚至有些人一天不吃馬來食物就覺得好像缺少什么似的,但對于土生華人來說,這不只是習慣,還是生活和文化,在他們心中,馬來文化和中華文化地位一樣重要。
依此來看,能不能說土生華人已被馬來人同化呢?葉景華思考了一會兒回答:“可以這么說,但是,無論土生華人再怎樣接受馬來文化,唯一不變的是宗教信仰,保留了屬于華人的特征。”
http://www.chinapress.com.my/topic/series/default01.asp?sec=kelantan&art=0323kelantan.txt
KOTA BAHARU, 28 Sept (Bernama) -- Berbeza dengan Baba dan Nyonya di Melaka, Cina Peranakan Kelantan diberi banyak gelaran. Orang Melayu memanggil mereka Cina kampung, Cina Kelantan atau Orang Cina kita.
Bagi Cina di bandar, mereka dipanggil Cina benua atau Cina Bandar manakala masyarakat Thai di Kelantan menggelar mereka sebagai Cina Darat, Cina Kampung atau Cina Kelantan.
Walaupun berbangsa Cina namun kulit mereka kebanyakannya sawo matang dan berkomunikasi dalam bahasa Melayu dialek Kelantan dengan bahasa Hokkien yang berbeza hasil campuran Melayu dan Thai. Tetapi umumnya mereka tidak tahu berbahasa Mandarin.
Nama-nama yang digunakan seperti Gan Awang, Tan Awang Besar, Lau Cheng San atau Che Hassan, Che Midah, Mek Su dan nama-nama lain mencerminkan bagaimana proses asimilasi telah merubah dan membentuk budaya tersendiri dikalangan masyarakat tempatan.
Seperti orang Melayu, mereka juga gemar bermain gasing pangkah, menonton seni wayang kulit dan makyongserta mendengar pukulan rebana dan kertuk.
MAMPU BACA DAN TULIS JAWI
Yang menariknya, baik lelaki mahupun wanita, mereka makan sireh diwaktu lapang dan memakai 'semutar' (serban) apabila bekerja di bawahterik matahari.
Kebolehan menulis dan membaca dalam Jawi adalah satu perkara biasa bagi generasi tua Cina Peranakan Kelantan yangmendapat pendidikan di sekolah aliran Melayu selain pergaulan yang rapat sejak kecil dengan rakan mereka yang berbangsa Melayu.
Masyarakat Cina Peranakan itu bertaburan di 48 buah kampung di Kelantan bermula di Sungai Pinang di Tumpat sehingga ke Gua Musang dan di sepanjang Sungai Kelantan.
Walaupun tiada rekod bertulis mengenai kedatangan awal orang Cina ke Kelantan, namun mereka percaya kedatangan awal nenekmoyang mereka ke negeri itu adalah lebih awal dari kedatangan Cina pada zaman Kesultanan Melayu Melaka.
Sayangnya, keunikan warisan Cina Peranakan Kelantan kini berada di tahap kepupusan.
Seorangpesara guru, Gan Awang @ Abdullah bin Balisen, 79 tahun, bimbang warisan budayanya tidak akan kekal lama memandangkan kebanyakan generasi mudasecara perlahan-lahan telah meninggalkan budaya dan adat resam yangdiamalkan generasi tua.
Mereka tidak lagi gemar memakai kain pelikat tetapi bila menyentuh mengenai makanan, budaya makan bududengan ulam masih bertahan dan sukar untuk diketepikan bila menjamu hidangan.
NAMA MELAYU SUKAR UNTUK BEZAKAN MEREKA
"Jangankata tulis Jawi, gemulah (mendiang) ayah saya tidak lepas dengansemutarnya semasa bekerja tetapi anak-anak saya kecuali yang sulung,sudah malu untuk memakai kain pelikat," katanya.
Gara-gara namanya yang menyerupai orang Melayu, beliau dibenarkan menganggotai Koperasi Guru Melayu Kelantan pada akhir tahun 40-an dan awal 50-an walaupun ia terbuka kepada orang Melayu sahaja ketika itu.
Apapun,katanya, mereka tidak pernah berkiblatkan negara asal nenek moyang mereka, China, malah bangga dan menyifatkan Malaysia sebagai tanah tumpah darah mereka.
Bagi Koo Mek Kee, 77, wanita peranakan Cina Kelantan yang tebal dengan budaya Melayu Kelantan berkata makan sirehdi waktu lapang adalah perkara biasa.
"Kadang-kadang saya hanya berkemban dan berkelubung kain lepas sekiranya menziarahi tetangga tetapi berkemban sahaja ketika berada di rumah kerana ini adalah pakaian harian," katanya.
Bagaimanapun, budaya dan amalan memakai kain pelikat bagi lelaki dan berkemban kain batik bagi wanita Cina Peranakan Kelantan itu mungkin akan pupus dalam tempoh lima hingga 10 tahun lagi berikutan arus pemodenan.
CINA PERANAKAN AKAN PUPUS WARISAN MEREKA
Gan Awang yang juga Presiden Persatuan Cina Peranakan Kelantan mengakuibahawa tidak mustahil kepupusan itu akan berlaku kerana kebanyakan mereka yang berumur 45 tahun ke bawah sudah tidak mengamalkan budayaini lagi untuk menyesuaikan diri mereka dengan arus perkembangan zaman.
"Masa berlalu dan manusia berubah. Kebanyakan generasi baru kami sudah berhijrah ke dunia luar dan sebahagian besarnya mendapat pendidikan aliran Cina di 14 Sekolah Rendah Jenis Kebangsaan di negeri ini,"katanya.
Katanya, generasi muda kini ingin bersaing denganmasyarakat lain selain sudah mampu berkomunikasi dalam bahasa Mandarin berbanding nenek moyang mereka.
"Bagaimanapun, kami adalah rakyat Malaysia tulen yang sentiasa merapatkan perpaduan di kalangan berbilang kaum," katanya.
MUZIUM UNTUK CINA PERANAKAN KELANTAN
Katanya persatuan yang ditubuhkan pada 1987 itu bercadang mewujudkan sebuah Muzium Cina Peranakan Kelantan supaya kewujudan masyarakat yang unikitu dapat menjadi tatapan generasi akan datang.
Beliau juga mendakwa kedatangan awal masyarakat Cina ke Malaysia bermula di Kelantan, dan bukan di Melaka, berdasarkan sebuah patung lama Ma ChorBew di tokong Sui Yek Khong di Pulai, Gua Musang, yang dikesan berasaldari zaman Dinasti Ming yang memerintah Negeri China antara 1368 sehingga 1644.
Di Kelantan sahaja, ada 24 tokong dengan tokong tertua berusia 600 tahun dikesan di Kampung Pulai, Gua Musang, dantokong 300 tahun di Kampung Tokong, Kemubu.
"Kami berharap Kementerian Kebudayaan, Kesenian dan Warisan akan menyediakan peruntukan bagi membolehkan kami menjalankan kajian terhadap sejarah kedatangan awal masyarakat Cina ke Kelantan berdasarkan tokong tertua Cina yang ada di Kelantan berumur lebih 500 tahun," katanya.
Jika peruntukan sedemikian diluluskan, Persatuan itu bersedia membuat kajian dengan kerjasama pakar dari Jabatan Sejarah Universiti Malaya dan Arkib Negara, katanya.
Gan yang akan bersara sebagai guru kaunselor di Sekolah Menengah Jenis Kebangsaan Chung Hwa di Kota Baharu, sebelum akhir tahun ini, bersedia memulakan kajian itu sepenuh masa jika diberi peluang.
Hakikatnya, biarpun Cina Peranakan Kelantan ini tidak mampu mengekalkan warisan mereka, namun sekurang-kurangnya jika diberi peluang menjalankan kajian dan diwujudkan muzium, mereka boleh mengabadikan sejarah mereka ini sebagai khazanah unik untuk tatapan semua.
http://www.idesa.net.my/modules/news/article.php?storyid=1480
[ 本帖最后由 ktin_268 于 13-6-2007 04:52 PM 编辑 ] |
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楼主 |
发表于 14-6-2007 08:02 PM
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吉蘭丹土生華人
人數不多凝聚力強
對中華文化愛不減
保留華人特征
若說馬來西亞是一個文化烘爐,融合了許多不同的文化,包括馬來文化、中華文化、印度文化,還有其他少數民族的文化,那丹州便是這烘爐內最搶眼的火焰之一。
丹州是一個擁有強烈馬來色彩的地方,除了固有的華人和印度人之外,泰裔的文化色彩也彌漫其中,更特別的是,早期一些到來丹州的華人,融合了四大種族的特色,出現了所謂的土生華人。
土生華人葉景華表示,除了原本的華人宗教信仰之外,土生華人生活、文化、語言都深受馬來文化影響,甚至老一輩的土生華人會說泰語和寫爪夷文。
“在郊區生活的土生華人大多數集中在郊區,而且由于歷史背景的緣故,許多是沿著吉蘭丹河岸生活,至于城市地區的土生華人較少。”葉景華透露土生華人散佈的情況。
實際上,華人穿沙籠和吃魚露(Budu,或稱魚醬),在吉蘭丹是一件極之平常的生活習慣,但這原是土生華人的習慣,演變至今,就算非土生華人也已受到影響。
就如受訪者之一的羅定珠,在家中多是穿著沙籠,實際上,她並非是真正的土生華人,但這對她來說並不算是什么特別的事。
丹州一般的華人與土生華人並不容易區分,透過居住的建築物,如多是浮腳屋,屋內大門開啟后就能看到一個神台,貼著許多對聯,由此才能確認土生華人的身份。
“土生華人首要的條件就是至少三代或以上均在本地出生,再加上建築物的設計與內在的風格,生活上的飲食習慣,如每餐都一定會吃魚露或NasiUlam(由木薯葉、香蕉心、長豆等類的生菜,再配上酸辣魚和以魚露為佐料),以及與馬來人相似的忌諱,基本上就是可被冠為土生華人。”葉景華透露如何辨別土生華人的方法。
葉景華也是吉蘭丹中華獨中校長,他表示,食用魚露或是馬來食物,在丹州的華人群中已經是司空見慣的事,甚至有些人一天不吃馬來食物就覺得好像缺少什么似的,但對于土生華人來說,這不只是習慣,還是生活和文化,在他們心中,馬來文化和中華文化地位一樣重要。
依此來看,能不能說土生華人已被馬來人同化呢?葉景華思考了一會兒回答:“可以這么說,但是,無論土生華人再怎樣接受馬來文化,唯一不變的是宗教信仰,保留了屬于華人的特征。”
土生華人這種受到馬來文化潛移默化的族群,融合了兩大種族的生活習慣,是不是當政者最希望看到的呢?答案或許只在你我的心里。
採訪手記瞭解生活無關政治
吉蘭丹是一個怎樣的地方?沒有到過的人永遠都只能霧里看花,到過的人或許會說:“哦,原來是這樣。”
小市民的感受是真實與直接的,透過他們的談話和對生活的感受,會發現許多意想不到的事,最終發現,小市民要的只是安定無憂。
毛澤東曾說過一句話,大意是:“你要知道梨子的滋味,你得親自嚐嚐。”是的,你不去咬它一口,嘗試箇中滋味,只是引經據典或是憑空猜測,又或是聽別人的一面之詞,始終無法真正體會箇中滋味,如果還進一步下了好不好吃的定論,這未免太過草率。
吉蘭丹就好像是這粒梨子,沒有去過這個地方的人,沒有體驗過當地生活的人,就胡亂的無的放矢,只會“制造”許多不實可笑的言論與偏見,不但顯現自己的無知,也造成更多的當地人,尤其是華人精神上的受傷。
筆者這一次的采訪,沒有想為任何方面說話的意圖,可能一些受訪者有政治背景,但訪問的出發點純粹是以其職業和個人身份為主,絕對無關政治,純粹以瞭解生活為主題。
但是,我還是有一點踩在鋼線上行走的感覺。
节选自"視察丹情" 一文
如欲知道更详细的丹州华人情况,请阅读此连接
http://www.chinapress.com.my/topic/series/default.asp?sec=kelantan&art=kelantan.txt
《紮根》第2集題為「丹河的兒女」,
呈現了萬捷(Bachok)地區吉蘭丹河畔的一個華裔皮影戲大師(TokDalang)嫁女儿的故事,
也對吉蘭丹土生華人歡慶農曆新年的特殊儀式進行了全程紀錄。
為了完成上述任務而不惜犧牲和家人團圓的導演黃佩君表示,她在理大唸書時,對一些來自吉蘭丹的華人同學說一口流利的吉蘭丹馬來話而感驚奇,卻沒去深究,至到這次親自到吉蘭丹土生華人家庭,一連4天全程拍攝他們的農曆新年歡慶和祭拜儀式時,才令她大開眼界。
她說:「和土生華人的接觸對我產生很大的文化衝擊,雖然他們迎接新年的儀式大體上和多數華人一樣,卻在幾個方面表現得更虔誠和更傳統。例如人稱Pak Lah的蔡源芳先生,一年到頭都赤著上身,只圍一條沙龍的他,在年初一一早就穿上上衣,然后率領兒孫拜天公和祭祖。」
「祭品非常講究,在祖先面前甚至要跪拜。看著他們虔誠的樣子,讓我莫名的感動。他們雖然喪失了理解方塊字的能力,卻是比多數的華人更堅持傳統的信仰、倫理和禮儀。」
黃巧力也深有同感的表示:「深諳吉蘭丹馬來皮影戲藝術的楊福成,人稱Tok Dalang,更是各族文化精髓的融合與集大成者。擁有泰國與華人血統的他向華人文化認同,其皮影戲演出卻是以印度史詩邏摩耶那(Ramayana)為腳本,以馬來話說唱的藝術。」
「由于皮影戲只傳男不傳女,自小就喜歡看Tok Dalang演皮影戲的女兒恨不得自己是男兒身,以便可將其父的絕技傳承下去。他在女兒出嫁那天,還特地為她上演了一出皮影戲。」
「從他身上我們可以見識到馬來、暹羅、印度及中華文化的精髓,如何自然而然的在一個人或一個族群身上融合。」
土生華人(包括海峽華人)的研究學者陳志明博士,常以涵化(acculturation)來形容大馬土生華人和馬來文化融合的過程,並認為那是一種自然,而且成功的同化實例。
另一些評論者卻認為土生華人中文能力的喪失是中華文化的流失或文化身份的焦慮。和吉蘭丹與馬六甲土生華人有長時間接觸的導演們對后一種情況的擔憂不以為然。
黃巧力表示:「學者和土生華人對文化身份的看法會有差距。以Tok Dalang為例,雖然難免對其皮影戲絕活找不到接班人而感到有點遺憾,可是他對自己的后代將如何傳承其文化似乎沒太大的擔憂。」
「今天的丹州土生華人多將孩子送進華小,因此他們的后代必然步上越來越和主流華人沒有差距的趨勢。」
《紮根》的制作人陳曉薇補充道:「他們在不同的文化中好好的生活,不須要刻意為他們的族群身份貼上標籤。」
她還表示:「文化身份本來就是這樣不斷的變動,那是自然的。根據我對Pak Lah他們家人的觀察,他們雖不諳中文,甚至看不懂春聯上的文字,可是在自覺自己是華人這方面,是非常肯定的。」
节选自" 鏡頭下的文化凝視 《 紮根》反映華社交融"
如欲知道更详细的资料,请阅读此连接
http://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news_item.asp?NewsID=11776
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楼主 |
发表于 14-6-2007 08:22 PM
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The Unique Cina Kampung
Gan Awang looks likea typical elderly Chinese gentleman, albeit with a slight tan. Hisgreets his guests, however, inperfect Kelantanese Malay -- so perfectthat with your eyes closed, you would think that it was a local Malay speaking. In fact, Cikgu Lah, ashe is commonly known, is a well-known Bahasa Malaysia teacher.
| Cikgu Lah and Chia plucking the various types of leaves found in their house compound to make khau jam. |
Cikgu Lah and his family are part of the Cina Kampung community unique to Kelantan. Their language (Malay sometimes interspersed with Thai andHokkien words), looks and culture set them apart from other Chinese communities.
Cikgu Lah’s son, GanTong Hock, also a renowned Bahasa Malaysia teacher, is more comfortable speaking in Malay than in English. “During my university years in KualaLumpur, I was often mistaken for a Malay -- so getting lunch during the asting month could be difficult! The fact that I spoke no Mandarin or any other Chinese dialect didn’t help matters,” said Gan with a laugh.
TheHokkien used by the Cina Kampung is similar to that spoken in Penang and Kedah. Although Cikgu Lah and his children do not converse in Mandarin,his grandchildren do, as they are educated in Chinese vernacular schools. Nonetheless, the language used at home remains Malay.
The fore fathers of today’s Cina Kampung arrived on Kelantanese shores fromthe Fujian province in China some eight generations ago.
“They came as pencuci kapal (ship cleaners) and settled along the riverbanks of the Kelantan River, all the way from Sabak at the mouth of the riverto Kuala Krai upriver,” explained Gan.
“Whenour ancestors arrived, they settled on uninhabited land known as tanah dong, which means ‘land withoutowners’. Those who teroka (worked) theland ended up being the legalowners,” he said.
| Budu is made by packing fish and salt in clay urns which are left to ferment in the sun for at least six months. |
Today there are about 47 Cina Kampung settlements in Kelantan; most arewithin, or surrounded by, Malay villages and their houses followtraditional kampung house architecture. Cikgu Lah’s housein KampungChepa sits in the middle of a large, lush compound. Most ofthepart-wood, part-concrete house perches on concrete stilts; the kitchen,situated around the back, is built on flat ground. The house is large,but the surrounding compound is larger still. Rambutan, mango andmangosteen trees provide shade, and pots full of flowers addsplashes ofcolour. Kampung chickens run helter-skelter when cars enter thecompound.
Because this community livesexclusively in thevillages, they are known as Cina Kampung, as opposed to the town Chinese or Cina Bandar.
The community embraces Malay attire as much as it does the language. CikguLah’s wife, Chia Fung Kew, wears the sarung both at home and when she goes out, like most women of her generation.The men on the other handsport the kain pelikat (chequered sarung formen) at home, just liketheir Malay counterparts.
According toGan, the community’s lifestyle mirrors that of the Malays because “We campur with them, and we have lived among them for so many generations”. In spite of the adoption of othercultural aspects however, the community remains devoutly Buddhist, with very few having embraced other religions.
Sporting a Malay name (or nickname) is also a norm.Gan is known until today as“Sohok”, a name coined by his Malay playmates. “My father was given the name Gan Awang at birth, but when he went to a Malay school, his teacher called him Dollah and it stuck.My grandfather then registered his name as Abdullah bin Balisan,Balisan being his own name,” said Gan.
“Till now, no one in the kampung knows Gan Awang -- they all know Cikgu Lah!”
The Cina Kampung usually marry within their owncommunity. Initially,marriage between the Cina Kampung and the Chinese from town was rare,fraught with communication problems and differences in their ways oflife. After all, men who spoke no Mandarin found it difficult to court the Chinese girls from town, and it took a bit of adjustment for a townChinese to marry a Cina Kampung.
“However,that is beginning to change now,especially among those from the youngergeneration who speak Mandarin,”explained Gan. He married a fellow Cina Kampung, who is also a distant cousin.
“Most of us are related, one way or another,” he said.
| Bottled Budu. | Membersof the Cina Kampung community do not use the term “peranakan” for themselves, unlike the Babas and Nonyas from Malacca and Penang who areof Chinese-Malay descent. The term is only used by academicians or for official purposes, such as when the community established the KelantanPeranakan Chinese Association in 1987. In order to join theassociation, potential members must be able to trace their Kelantanese ancestry for three generations.
According to Gan, one of the objectives of the association being established wasto secure bumiputera status for its members from the government.However, like the Babas and Nonyas, the Cina Kampung did not receive bumiputera status.
Not many Malaysians know of the unique lifestyle ofthe Cina Kampung community. They essentially remain one of the few communities in the country that have adopted much of the local culture and way of life without compromising their roots.
Cina Kampung Cuisine: Melting pot of Chinese, Malay and Thai
CinaKampung cuisine is characterised by the use of ingredients such as lemon grass, galangal, budu (fermented anchovies mixed in salt), palm sugar and local herbs, which are also widely usedby the Thais and Malays. You’ll find budu in particular used abundantlyas both a cooking ingredient and a dip at the dining table.
Theavailability of different leaves in the kampung surroundings and a strong Malay influence to the cuisine have resulted in kerabu and ulambecoming fixtures in the Cina Kampung diet. The ulamis eaten with budu,and some types of kerabu have a dash of coconut milk added for a richer texture.
One of the signature dishes is the khau jam (“mixed rice” in Thai), which is also called nasi kerabu.This is served during special occasions such as Chinese New Year andother Chinese festivals.The rice is eaten with finely-sliced ulam such as polygonum, lemon grass and torch ginger, pounded grilled fish,sambal, kerisik and the ubiquitous budu.
The rice is cooked in a mixture of juices blended from about 30 differentleaves such as cekur, ketuk, mata ayer and nadam, which means “blackface” in Thai.
“The leaves that we use canbe found around thehouse compound -- in fact, any leaves that the goatseat, we can alsoeat,” chuckled Cikgu Lah’s wife, Chia Fung Kew. The65-year-old grandmother is much sought after as a cook for local wedding banquets.
According to her, theleaves used -- and the localor Thai names they are known by -- varyaccording to locale. Some have healing properties.
“Thejuice of these leaves lends a dark green hue tothe rice. Don’t use toomany leaves -- some are “heaty”. Just one leaf or sprig of each typewill do,” explained Chia, as she walked through her garden collectingthe leaves.
Cikgu Lah records the namesof the leaves for reference, but his relatives still rely on him andhis wife to pick the necessary leaves for them when they want to makekhau jam.
Thai influence is apparent inthe Cina Kampung cooking technique for curry. Instead of first fryingthe pounded ingredients in hot oil and then adding coconut milk, theycook according to the southern Thai style. Coconut milk is the firstingredient into the pot followed by the pounded ingredients. Themixture is allowed to simmer before the meats are added. The endresultis comparatively less robust and oily, and more subtle.
As most of the Cina Kampung settlements are along the riverbanks, fish features prominently in their daily diet.
“Whether it is grilled, marinated in turmeric andfried, or cooked singgang-stylein a soup made with dried chillies,tamarind peel and onions, there isusually a fish dish on the table,”said Chia.
Crabtanghoon (glass noodles) curry is another popular dish, often served at weddings. A less glamorous version hasthe crab and glass noodlessubstituted with hard-boiled eggs, but the result is just as appetising!
Pork is reserved for special occasions, and during these festivities dishes like hong bak (braised belly pork) are must-haves.
The cuisine of the Cina Kampung retains ahome-cooked feel, and in factremains largely to be found in homes.However, there is a restaurant inWakaf Bahru (one of the more heavily-populated settlements) where one can have a taste of theirfood. The family-run Kg. Kulim Restaurant isvery popular with the locals, and retains the same rustic, home-cooked feel.
资料转摘自
The Star Online
[ 本帖最后由 ktin_268 于 14-6-2007 09:04 PM 编辑 ] |
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楼主 |
发表于 14-6-2007 08:48 PM
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吉蘭丹土生華人系列
peranakan kelantan 傳統的豬背屋頂
Kumpulan Seri Campuran
是吉蘭丹土生華人楊福成與一班戲曲愛好者一起開的樂團
Spotlight: The Peranakan of Kelantan
19 Nov 2006
Sulaiman Jaafar
---------------------------------
They may be a minority in Kelantan but the Peranakan are as colourful as they come. However, this community is in danger of losing its unique identity, writes SULAIMAN JAAFAR.
ONE could say Eyo Hock Seng is a personification of the Bangsa Malaysia vision.
He is ethnically Chinese but his Kelantanese dialect is so homey that he could easily pass off as a Malay.
The 52-year-old Eyo, who is from Chetok, is also a wayang kulit master and is one of the state’s top tok dalang (puppeteers) who has performed to packed crowds in Kelantan and Kuala Lumpur.
He is the only non-Malay tok dalang in Kelantan and probably the whole country.
Eyo is just as fluent in Hokkien and still maintains the beliefs and practices of his Chinese ancestors who sailed across the South China Sea in the early 19th century to settle in Kelantan.
The Malays of his village in Parit Panjang do not regard him as bangsa asing (a pre-Independence Malay term for a foreign race) and he moves easily among them and is equally at home among the Chinese of Hokkien descent.
But he is part of a dying community.
Eyo, television presenter Elize Lee, South-east Asia Write Award 2000 winner Lim Swee Tin and writer Awang Abdullah are Kelantan Chinese Peranakan, a community that is a living tapestry of Malay customs and Hokkien rituals.
Sometimes called Cina Kelantan (Kelantan Chinese) or at times the more derogatory Hokkien Siam, the Peranakan are similar to the Baba and Nonya of Malacca.
Unlike the Baba, however, little has been documented about the Kelantan Peranakan although it is believed the community has been around for 300 years.
This could be because the Baba are more prominent in business and politics, especially during the early Merdeka years, compared to the Kelantan Peranakan, who are mostly farmers.
The term Peranakan by which they prefer to describe their community is in itself an assertion of a unique Malaysianised identity.
Law Awang, president of the Kelantan Chinese Peranakan Association, said Peranakan means "local-born".
It reflects a strong connection to an adopted land (Malaysia) as opposed to that of a transient existence where the land is a temporary opportunity to make money and sail for home.
"The terms Hokkien Siam or Cina Kampung make us look like second-class Chinese," Lau says.
Former Universiti Malaya lecturer Prof Dr Tan Chee Beng, who published a paper on the community, said like their counterparts in Malacca and Indonesia, the Kelantan Peranakan are thoroughly acculturated to the customs and lifestyle of their adopted land.
But they do this without compromising their own traditions.
So while the Kelantan Peranakan speak the regional Malay dialect like a native speaker, or take on Malay names like Lau Awang, Gan Awang, Tan Awang Besar, Che Midah and Mek Su, they still converse in a version of Hokkien at home.
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Academician Prof Dr Teo Kok Seong, author of the book, The Peranakan Chinese of Kelantan, said their version of Hokkien is sprinkled with Thai and Malay words.
They take part in traditional Malay past-times such as kite flying, top-spinning and rearing songbirds.
They are also very involved in the performing arts such as wayang kulit, dikir barat and mak yong.
The men wear sarong and the women kebaya while their food is a blend of Thai, Malay and Chinese dishes.
But, said Tan, who is now with the Chinese University of Hong Kong, the Peranakan express their "Chineseness" in their public religious practices, like how each settlement celebrates its patron god’s birthday, a festival that can last several days.
The 50 or so Peranakan settlements in Kelantan were believed to have been founded sometime before the 1800s starting from Sungai Pinang in Tumpat to Gua Musang and along Sungai Kelantan.
Tan explained that the descendants of those early Chinese settlers married local women and had close contacts with the Malays and Thais who formed the majority of the populace.
This eventually led to the acculturation of the Chinese and gave rise to the formation of the Peranakan community.
No official count has been made on the community’s population but it is estimated that there are more than 20,000 in Kelantan.
Teo of UKM said given their insignificant numbers (the Chinese form only about five per cent of the population of Kelantan), the Chinese in Kelantan were not seen as a threat to the indigenous population.
"The Chinese perceived the local Malays as legitimately dominant and themselves as legitimately subordinate," said Teo, himself a Kelantan Peranakan.
"This understanding and acceptance of the legitimacy of their relative positions is very crucial in the promotion of a successful inter-ethnic interaction."
Today, the days of the Peranakan are numbered and the size of their community is rapidly declining.
Modernisation, migration and marriage with non-Peranakans are among the main reasons for the decline.
But perhaps the most significant factor is the need to re-orient their identities to suit the post-Merdeka racial landscape with its ethnic demarcations of Malay, Chinese, Indian and Lain-Lain categories.
Said Law of the Kelantan Chinese Peranakan Association:
"We feel that it will be better if we become integrated into the wider mainstream Chinese community so that there is no more Cina Kampung or Cina Bandar.
"There is no identity crisis as we know we are Chinese and not Malays. By integrating into the main society, we will no longer be looked down upon."
Most Peranakan parents are sending their children to Chinese-medium schools so that they can speak Mandarin.
Peranakan children no longer mix with their Malay or Thai neighbours, preferring instead the society of their schoolmates or those of similar ethnicity.
"It is just a matter of time before the community disappears," says Law. And with it the fraying of a Bangsa Malaysia concept.//NST
[ 本帖最后由 ktin_268 于 18-6-2007 04:47 PM 编辑 ] |
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楼主 |
发表于 18-6-2007 01:17 PM
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吉蘭丹土生華人系列
林天英,馬來西亞詩人。一九五二年生於馬來西亞吉蘭丹,父親是中國福建潮安的移民,母親則具有泰國血統。自小成長於馬來人社會,他能流暢地使用馬來語。一九七Ο年代初期,林天英即在馬來文壇闖蕩,除了寫詩,也寫短篇故事、小說和文學評論,但以詩的成就最為可觀,也因此為自己贏得聲譽,成為以馬來文寫作的非馬來人重要作家,作品廣見於當地的雜誌和期刊,並贏得許多獎項,包括由泰國政府主辦的二ΟΟΟ年東南亞國協文學獎。 一九七三年師範學校畢業後,他即開始在中學任教。一九八八年,他進入馬來西亞Putra大學攻讀學士學位,主修馬來語教學及馬來亞文學。畢業後繼續在中學教書。一九九七年又回大學深造,於一九九九年獲碩士學位。二ΟΟΟ年,他應聘為Putra大學講師。他當過三任的吉蘭丹作家協會秘書長,策劃過無數的寫作班和文學活動,對提攜文壇後進頗有貢獻。也曾多次代表馬來西亞參加國際性的文學會議或詩歌朗誦活動。
他出版有十本詩集(包括四本童詩或少年詩集),最近的一本是《愛的斷片》(2000)。
回 憶 花瓶中乾枯的花
常教我憶起
瓶子的百年歲月。 記憶的花瓣
永不會開放,
但芬芳卻在我們之間漂動。
珍珠詩 藍色的海,美麗的世界
還有你,為我平靜的成年期安排新貌 這是銷魂、神奇的大事
如所承諾,規劃的 我的生命在
出發的瞬間變得完備,在彼方我裝飾
女子的胸脯
關於蜜拉 窗戶始終開著。所以
每天早晨我看見她在鏡前
梳髮。窗外園中
樹葉依季節落著。一刻接一刻
成熟的少女蜜拉如今
要為人婦了 一如蜜拉身體的變化
一切的遷變不可知。啊
時光之推移太靜,太難察。
歷 史 1
歷史,當我進入你的巷道
我的心和你的聲音交融
在成堆的古工藝品當中
你的人物和事件復活
雖然有時他們似乎純屬虛構。 2
突然間我就站在古代的
舞台上
尋找並發現事實
有時彷彿把心思
拋進時間之流。 3
深知你無止息地向前漂流
進入未來等候的洞窟
自然沒有人會想遺忘過去
那是更有智慧
預見未來形貌所必備的
就像我們小心翼翼地
把值得紀念的事物
掛在牆上
笛子與老者 我回到
那幾已廢棄的
遊廊
一支笛子
依然掛在牆上
還有一塊
久經踐踏的墊子 戲劇和舞蹈
已成遠古之事
傳說和故事
已然老去
在每個角落
只剩蜘蛛
和牠們的網 舞台和劇場
空空蕩蕩
宮女和俠客
消失何方
只有你的笛子
依然掛在牆上
還有一塊
久經踐踏的墊子
那老者哪裡去啦
藝 匠 當他把技藝傾注
到鑿子尖端之時
心中夢想的是
一隻展翅的鳥。 他在心中設計了
一個美麗蔚藍的世界
在他放出鳥兒
讓其翱翔天際之前。 他是一名全心投入的藝匠
傾洩他所有的愛
毫不吝惜地揮灑汗水
一滴一滴在他精心排列的羽毛上。 偶而有血從他手指上濺出
讓他想起了那裡充滿敵意︰
「願我釋放的這鳥兒
不會羽翼帶傷歸來。」 刀子 刀子四處拔出。我不再
畏懼刀子
一次刀傷教給了我血的意義
刺戳的意義,即使恐懼仍在
恐懼的意義已變 側面之刀,反面之刀
我深知其攻伐之意義
皮肉掀開
如何讓吼聲靜止,讓仇意平息
如今我知道 百刀,千刀儘管來吧,我不再
閃躲
所知不再屬虛
憂慮已變鈍,變柔
我也已學得柔的意義 |
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发表于 2-10-2007 12:23 AM
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谢谢你的分享,我对土生华人的文化也很有兴趣。。
但很可惜,他们的文化都受到后来 新客 的冲击。。
搂主你自己本身是土生华人吗?
虽然我是新客,但由于住登家楼+父母影响,有时候在家里我也是穿sarong。。
其实登家楼也有不少土生华人,他们的福建话和参着浓浓的登州马来方言,语法也受影响。。
老一辈的很多在家里都只会说马来话及他们的福建话。。
在登州唐人街,也不难看到一些老妇女穿sarong。。
不过,有没有学者对他们做研究纪录我就不清楚啦。。但我知道,在登家楼龙云河上游,已发现了一些唐朝的文物。。 |
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楼主 |
发表于 14-11-2007 12:57 PM
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我不是土生華人。
只是對馬來西亞上的原生民族很有興趣 |
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发表于 14-11-2007 08:37 PM
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楼主 |
发表于 21-12-2007 12:39 PM
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发表于 26-12-2007 09:06 PM
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发表于 29-12-2007 06:10 AM
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本帖最后由 chingfong85 于 28-11-2010 11:13 AM 编辑
原帖由 mekiyo 于 26-12-2007 21:06 发表
那边华人很少,不喜欢那边!:@
发什么神经?
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/FONG/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot-1.jpg
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/FONG/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot.jpg |
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发表于 2-1-2008 02:09 PM
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楼主 |
发表于 2-1-2008 11:43 PM
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楼主 |
发表于 2-1-2008 11:55 PM
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留住大馬丹州華人歷史
2007年12月10日 14:05 來源:中國僑網
不久前我到吉蘭丹訪友,聽到兩個有關馬來西亞丹州華人文史發展工作的好消息。
第一個好消息是布賴水月宮將重修與擴建,並增設文物資料室,主要展示布賴華人的歷史文化資料。
http://www.shuiyuegong.com.my/in ... p;id=1&Itemid=1
第二個好消息是哥打峇魯一群文史界人士正籌組吉蘭丹華人歷史及文化協會。
生活在吉蘭丹這片土地上的華人,人口雖然不多,但富有歷史感情的有心人不會少。當市場上充斥著浮誇而快餐的所謂“文化活動”,一群有識之士發起組織吉蘭丹華人歷史及文化協會,無疑是令人振奮的佳音。
只有發揮居民永不衰竭的歷史感情,才能建立綿延不斷的歷史傳承,深化歷史教育工作,感動學子去熱愛這塊土地。相信成立後的歷史及文化協會能以具體行動和創作動力,為丹州華人文史留下駐腳,留下見證和產生正面效用,讓一代又一代的華人活得更為意氣風發,更加有尊嚴。
哥打峇魯是吉蘭丹首府,也是丹州華人人口最集中的地區,因此最有條件設立州級性的華人歷史文化研究組織,致力搶救華人歷史文物(如甲必丹墓及故居),同時收集華人史料及歷史圖片,以供展出。
長久以來,丹州便缺少一個核心組織來專注于歷史文化工作。如今籌組中的吉蘭丹華人歷史及文化協會極需州政府、華人商界、華團及各界人士之大力協助,以便能發揮其特有的歷史文化使命。
吉蘭丹華人文化歷史悠久,內容豐富多元,深具特色,更撼動人心。古老的丹州已孕育出一種歷史的精神,滲透著對多元、和諧、包容、共生──這種融合精神的嚮往。
在宗教信仰方面,丹州華人多信奉佛教,目前在丹州道北一帶,便有大坐佛、大臥佛、觀音大豎像及許多暹廟。另外,位於蘭鬥班讓,預算明年4月完工的一座規模宏大的中式清真寺更是一項創舉。該清真寺取名Masjid Jubilee Perak Sultan Ismail Petra,所用的琉璃瓦建材是從中國進口的。
至於丹州的華人民間信仰,除了城鎮的華人神廟外,還有獨具一格的村落民間信仰組織(祈神會)。丹州華人與多元宗教信仰的關係確實值得加研究考察。這也是吉蘭丹華人歷史及文化協會在成立後可以策劃推動的研究項目之一。
在馬來西亞,馬六甲及檳城有峇峇與娘惹協會,丹州則有土生華人協會。除了宗教信仰外,丹州土生華人在膳食、住所、語言等生活方式方面多趨向馬來化。土生華人無疑是丹州華人的一個特殊組成部分,也是丹州華人研究重點之一。
丹州華人在各主要城鎮和鄉區的經濟活動和對地方開發的貢獻史實必須有計劃地加以載錄。令人擔心的是:若不及時搶救地方史料和文物,相關史實就會在人們不知不覺中湮沒,以後再難考查。
在吉蘭丹,布賴水月宮是布賴村內的主要建築物和村民集合的中心,因此在水月宮廟內設立布賴華人文物歷史資料室是最佳的選擇。馬來西亞文化、藝術及文物部副部長黃錦鴻曾到訪水月宮,對水月宮的歷史表示認可,更同意撥款資助水月宮之修建工程。
我們也希望副部長能在明年之財務預算中,撥款資助吉蘭丹華人歷史及文化協會在哥打峇魯設立丹州華人歷史文物資料室。(來源:馬來西亞《星洲日報》作者:劉崇漢) |
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发表于 3-1-2008 01:53 PM
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回复 14# 的帖子
在登丹论坛里也讨论了一些。。
http://chinese3.cari.com.my/myforum/viewthread.php?tid=1058435&extra=page%3D2
那位网友说登嘉楼土生华人没有巫裔血统,上网查看的资料(不完整的)说他们有混到非华裔血统。。真想验DNA。。哈哈哈。。
不过,登家楼土生华人的资料非常有限。。
[ 本帖最后由 chingfong85 于 3-1-2008 01:54 PM 编辑 ] |
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发表于 24-2-2008 12:53 PM
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我老公是吉兰丹tanah merah人,他太公是在那出生,太婆是泰裔,我们的bb有一点混血哦!我是perlis客家人,对一个在纯华人生活环境长大的我来说,刚去他家时,他们的生活习惯和一切我都觉得很新奇,象马来人/泰国人,和其他地方的华人很不一样.家公是乩童,有一次神诞在家门前请人表演皮影戏,令我大开眼界,相信很多外地人都没看过.有一个问提就是老一辈的都不会说华语,只会吉兰丹福建话和马来语,我和他们鸡同鸭讲,我家婆会讲简单华语,家公现在会说一点简单的词了.我也明白一点吉兰丹福建话. |
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发表于 26-2-2008 05:00 PM
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原帖由 小玩意 于 24-2-2008 12:53 发表
我老公是吉兰丹tanah merah人,他太公是在那出生,太婆是泰裔,我们的bb有一点混血哦!我是perlis客家人,对一个在纯华人生活环境长大的我来说,刚去他家时,他们的生活习惯和一切我都觉得很新奇,象马来人/泰国人,和其他地方 ...
真的就是一个 malay thai chinese india 的 cultural melting pot。。
希望你孩子也能够学习一些土生华人的习俗。。不只要珍惜、认同,最好能够流传下去。。 |
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发表于 28-2-2008 01:30 PM
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我们现在住jb,孩子在perlis,待将来经济需可我能把孩子带在身边时,老公就教他丹州的习俗. |
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发表于 28-2-2008 06:46 PM
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之前我们是和孩子说华语(虽然他还不会说话),后来想想为何不让他接触方言呢?等他上学后自然会学华语,现在家人会和他说些方言. |
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