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猪流感病毒是什么?

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发表于 29-4-2009 08:40 AM | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
怎样产生的?和猪只有关系吗?
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发表于 29-4-2009 09:07 AM | 显示全部楼层
豬流感病毒(Swine influenza virus,SIV),是豬群中一種可引起地方性流行性感冒的正黏液病毒(Orthomyxoviruses)。目前在實驗室裡所分離出來的病毒,多被辨識為C型流感病毒,或者是A型流感病毒的亞種之一。
電子顯微鏡下的A型流感病毒

豬流感有很多個不同的品種,計有:H1N1、H1N2、H3N1、H3N2和H2N3亞型的甲型流感病毒都能導致豬流感的感染[1][2][3]。與禽流感不同,豬流感能夠以人傳人。[4]過往曾經發生人類感染豬流感,但未有發生人傳人案例。2009年4月中,墨西哥公布發生人傳人的豬流感案例,有關案例是一宗由H1N1豬流感病毒引起,並在基因分析的過程發現基因內有豬、雞及來自亞洲、歐洲及美洲人種的基因。人感染豬流感的徵狀:豬流感患者通常有39攝氏度以上的高燒、劇烈頭疼、肌肉疼痛、咳嗽、鼻塞、紅眼等病徵。[5]

請參考以下網址
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B1%AC%E6%B5%81%E6%84%9F
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发表于 29-4-2009 09:07 AM | 显示全部楼层
http://www.thepigsite.cn/diseaseinfo/118/%D6%ED%C1%F7%B8%D0%B2%A1%B6%BE(si)%A3%AC%C1%F7%B8%D0

猪流感病毒至少有四种血清型,这些血清型的病毒都可引起各自的免疫反应,但互相之间不存在交叉免疫性。这样,猪群就可能先后感染不同血清型的猪流感,也可能同时感染上一种以上的猪流感。这种病的临床爆发通常发生在冬季,但其它季节也会以亚临床的形式在猪群中传播,有时还会引起小规模的发病。
导致猪流感的病原是与A型流感病毒关系很近的一些病毒,这种病毒能够改变自身的抗原结构,从而突变出新的毒株。通过病毒表面的两种记为"H"和"N"的蛋白质,可将病毒分成多种血清型。导致猪只发病的有H1N1、H1N2和H3N2型。其中每一种血清型当中又有不同的毒株,这些毒株之间致病性也各不相同。
该病潜伏期非常短,只有12~48小时。
如果母猪配种后21天之内感染病毒,此时如果胚胎还没有着床,会造成21天返情;如果胚胎已经在交配后14~16天着床,就会造成妊娠中断,出现延迟的返情。如果母猪在妊娠期前五周感染病毒,会造成胚胎死亡与吸收,母猪会表现为假怀孕,或产仔数减少。此后整个妊娠期母猪感染病毒都可能造成流产或分娩时娩出晚期木乃伊胎。该病对公猪也会产生影响。感染会造成公猪体温升高,从而降低精子品质,受精率持续降低4~5周。
在大型猪群中猪流感可发演变为地方性疾病,不时地造成繁殖方面地问题。而且即使猪群感染过一种毒株后,仍然会感染另外一种毒株。猪群对流感病毒的免疫期常常很短(6个月),而且繁殖群的免疫状况在不同时期也会有很大差异。

[ 本帖最后由 vicom 于 29-4-2009 09:11 AM 编辑 ]
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发表于 29-4-2009 09:08 AM | 显示全部楼层
症状仔猪
  • 通常哺乳仔猪不会患猪流感,除非病毒是第一次侵入猪群。
  • 初乳可在哺乳期为仔猪提供母源免疫。
  • 咳嗽。
  • 肺炎。
  • 发烧。
母猪
  • 体温升高,可导致流产。
  • 普遍咳嗽。
  • 肺炎。
当病毒首次侵入猪群时,头两天会发现两三头猪发病,之后:
  • 病情会迅速蔓延,大群普遍表现厌食、病态。
  • 突然出现呼吸道症状,包括咳嗽、肺炎、体温升高和厌食,并迅速扩散,之后繁殖系统会受到影响。
  • 急性呼吸困难的症状会持续7~10天(持续时间与母猪群大小有关)。
在大群水平上可观察到以下现象:
  • 母猪群突然发病,迅速传播。
  • 出现咳嗽、肺炎,并迅速传播。
  • 7~10天后临床症状退却。
  • 母猪断奶后到发情的天数延长。
  • 21天返情的母猪增多。
  • 21天以外返情的母猪增多。
  • 假怀孕的母猪增多。
  • 流产率升高,尤其是晚期流产。
  • 死产率和分娩过程缓慢的情况增多。
  • 产木乃伊胎数量偶尔也会增多。
  • 体温升高阶段可能会引发其它疾病。一个典型的例子就是钩端螺旋体继发感染,会导致流产率升高。
断奶猪与生长猪 急性发病:
  • 患猪突然倒卧不起,这是个典型症状。
  • 呼吸沉重。
  • 剧烈咳嗽。
  • 多数猪只看起来会死掉,但是除非有其它呼吸道疾病并发,否则大部分不经治疗自会康复。
  • 猪流感病毒本身可导致严重的肺炎,但如果并发其它感染,如:放线杆菌胸膜肺炎、地方性肺炎和PRRS等,就会演变成一种慢性的呼吸系统综合症,很难处理。因此对病情严重的患猪个体应给予抗生素治疗以防止继发其它肺部感染。
地方性发病:
  • 这种情况下该病毒驻留在猪群当中,引起小群发病(通常是断奶仔猪)。它有可能连续导致一些呼吸系统疾病,症状类似急性发病,但不那么严重。
致病原因猪流感可经下列途径传播:
  • 携带病原的人。
  • 携带病原的猪只。
  • 可能会通过风媒传播,但这一点尚未经过证实。
  • 鸟类,尤其是水禽,是这种病毒的保虫宿主。
  • 继发细菌感染。
  • 温度波动。
  • 应激。
  • 垫料或地板潮湿。
诊断根据猪群的临床表现可作出可靠的判断。其它任何疾病都没有猪流感这样发病迅速、病情急剧。发病时对病猪采血化验,2~3周后再采一次,可见抗体滴度升高。也可用棉芊作鼻腔或喉部涂样,在试验室进行培养分离鉴定,这是最可靠的诊断方式。猪流感病毒很容易培养。急性发病的情况下病情急剧,迅速蔓延到各日龄的猪群,其它疾病的爆发不会这样迅速、广泛。但如果该病转为地方性,则容易和其它病毒感染产生混淆,如:猪繁殖呼吸综合症、呼吸道冠状病毒、伪狂犬病以及丹毒等。
母猪、仔猪治疗
  • 对急性发病、体温升高,尤其是呼吸频率加快的种猪,应采用广谱抗生素进行治疗,连续三天。
  • 可选药物包括青链霉素、长效土霉素或羟氨苄青霉素之类的合成青霉素。如果病情严重,可饮水添加金霉素或土霉素,每天每1000公斤活重添加25g(纯度100%),连续五天。
断奶猪、生长猪治疗
  • 用抗生素控制继发细菌性肺炎。
  • 对病情严重的患猪进行个体注射。
  • 饮水投药3~5天。
  • 药品可选择土霉素、金霉素、泰妙菌素、林可霉素和磺胺三甲氧苄氨嘧啶。


[ 本帖最后由 vicom 于 29-4-2009 09:12 AM 编辑 ]
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发表于 29-4-2009 09:09 AM | 显示全部楼层
专家:普通流感药物对猪流感病毒有一定作用
猪流感疫情暴发后,CBN记者第一时间试图与中国科学院院士、南开大学校长饶子和联系采访。  饶子和及其团队多年来对禽流感、流感、艾滋等病毒进行分子层面的研究,取得累累硕果。今年2月,他们刚刚在《自然》发表论文,使得中国人在H5N1高致病性禽流感病毒研究上有了重大突破。
  不巧,饶子和院士正在外出差,其在清华实验室的助手娄智勇接受了CBN的专访。
  饶子和团队近年来取得的重大科研突破中,娄智勇一直参与其中,今年2月发表在《自然》的论文中,娄智勇是第三署名人,去年饶子和团队获得的5项国家发明专利中,娄智勇参与了其中的4项。
  CBN:对于猪流感,人类目前对这种H1N1病毒的认识水平已经到了什么阶段?从病毒层面来看,H1N1与H5N1有何区别?对人体的危害哪个更严重?
  娄智勇:目前报道的这个猪流感H1N1的序列已经被美国CDC测序出来了,从序列上面看,和人们以前的推测是一样的,主要还是表面HA(血凝素)和NA(神经氨酸酶,HA和NA是病毒表面囊膜上镶嵌的两种重要纤突,与病毒的毒力、传染性密切相关)不同,其转录和复制用的非结构蛋白是相当保守的。
  从以前的研究看,突变在流感病毒中是非常常见的,但是为什么这次突变这么大,目前还没有清楚的解释。
  CBN:你们此前对禽流感的研究中,已经找到了一些靶点,即药物在体内发生作用的结合位点,对于这次暴发的H1N1病毒,是否意味着我们要重新再度寻找靶点,然后才能找到战胜病毒的办法?
  娄智勇:从药物筛选靶点来讲,目前流感病毒绝大多数的蛋白质结构都已经解析了,而除了HA和NA外,应该不会和这次的H1N1有太大的变化,尤其是活性位点,因此药物筛选的靶点并不是问题,而且目前已有的针对流感的药物,应该可以对这次的病毒有一定的作用。
  CBN:H1N1的传播机制是什么?专家说吃猪肉不会传染,那H1N1病毒到底是怎么进入人体的?
  娄智勇:这个病毒的传染途径我们也只是有所了解,具体的情况还需要流行病学方面的研究来证实。不过这个病毒的耐热能力差(流感病毒都这样,和结核杆菌等不一样),所以只要加热得当,我想吃猪肉还是没有太大问题的。
  世界卫生组织(WHO)把这次的H1N1的警报级别提高到4级了,也就是说,可以人传人了(通过呼吸道等途径),这个还是很可怕的。

傳貼從新浪網

http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2009-04-29/013817708063.shtml

[ 本帖最后由 vicom 于 29-4-2009 09:14 AM 编辑 ]
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发表于 29-4-2009 04:21 PM | 显示全部楼层
这是一篇ProMED-mail里的文章,里面有提到猪流感名字的历史与来源。文中强调一点就是这次的H1N1流感病毒其实不应该被称之为“猪流感”(swine flu)


[1] Brief history and terminology of swine flu
Date: 25 Apr 2009
Source: Peter Cowen, ProMED-mail Animal Disease Moderator


Since we have a great deal of experience with confusing terminology when a
disease occurs at the human/animal interface, I thought a few comments on
the current H1N1 situation were warranted. For example, one might argue
that the zoonotic disease, eastern equine encephalitis is not very aptly
named. Horses are a dead end host, wild birds are the zoonotic reservoir,
and poultry flocks serve as sentinel sites for surveillance and indicators
of when to begin mosquito control. Moreover, the disease occurs in people
on both the East Coast and Gulf Coast of the United States. Very little of
this epidemiology could be deduced from the name, eastern equine
encephalitis. With that as a preamble, let me make some comments concerning
the terminology in common use -- swine flu -- for our present outbreak.

In the first place, the H1N1 virus is being called "swine flu" because of
the outbreak of a different, 1918 origin virus that caused significant
mortality in both swine and human populations and was known as the Spanish
flu. The virus probably has a wild bird origin but it definitive origin
remains unknown (see Taubenberg reference below).

The subsequent history of the swine influenza virus is nicely summarized:
"Influenza as a disease of pigs was 1st recognized during the Spanish
influenza pandemic of 1918­1919. Veterinarian J S Koen was the 1st to
describe the illness, observing frequent outbreaks of influenza in families
followed immediately by illness in their swine herds, and vice versa [1].
Influenza virus was 1st isolated from pigs in 1930 by Shope and Lewis [2],
with the virus isolated from humans several years later [3]. The 1st
isolation of a swine influenza virus from a human occurred in 1974 [4],
confirming speculation that swine-origin influenza viruses could infect
humans." See Myers below.

In the second place, influenza viruses regularly circulate in swine
populations and include H1N1, H3N2, H1N2, H1N3 most commonly, with almost
25 per cent of more than 114 000 swine serum samples in the US being
positive for one of the serotypes (see Choi et al. Arch Virol 2002 Jun;
147(6): 1209-20). (所以其实猪流感在猪群中其实是很普遍)As such, it is well controlled in swine populations, even
though it can cause concern on particular farms that don't manage well for
its occurrence or at particular times.

Then, thirdly, swine flu viruses have been known to infect humans猪流感感染人类也不是在今天才发生) -- 50
cases were turned up from an extensive review of the literature. Of the
non-military cases, 19 occurred in the United States, 6 in Czechoslovakia,
4 in the Netherlands, 3 in Russia, and 1 each in Canada and Hong Kong. Most
(61 per cent) of the cases studied had reported an exposure to swine and
the median age was 24 years (see Myers below). The most recognizable H1N1
transmission event involved 12 soldiers at Fort Dix in 1976, one of whom
died. Contact with swine was never established. Another important
transmission resulted in the death of a pregnant woman, who was exposed to
pigs, in 1988 in Wisconsin.

Finally, it appears as if no exposure to swine has occurred among people
who have come down with the current novel H1N1 virus.(这很重要!目前为止,没有证据显示这次的H1N1是由猪传染人) The virus has
elements of human, swine, and avian viruses normally found in Europe or
Asia.混种的,并非单单是猪流感病毒) It is this genetic analysis of the virus which has really developed
the level of concern for this outbreak. If there wasn't a match with the US
virus the fact that it is being transmitted out of season and in young,
healthy adults might have even been overlooked.

So, in summary, the reason that we are calling this virus swine flu is the
history and evolution of the virus. It also rests on the fact that some of
the genetic analysis indicates that elements from viruses that have
traditionally been found in swine populations are incorporated. However
since we know nothing of how this particular virus has gotten into the
human population
but there apparently is no history of swine exposure, it

probably makes more sense epidemiologically to refer to this simply as an
H1N1 influenza virus.

To some extent a similar nomenclatural history has occurred over time with
the H5N1 virus becoming known by its viral strain, rather than bird flu. At
least with the H5N1 it can most often be traced to exposure to avian
species. But in the case of this so called swine flu, there really does
appear to be no exposure to swine and some evidence (father, daughter pair
in the US) of transmission without exposure to animals. Realistically,
however, the name seems to have stuck in the popular media already and the
terms swine flu does reflect what we know about the history of some very
important H1N1 viruses. Unfortunately, this name will imply a simple,
zoonotic transmission between swine and people, when in reality is origin
and epidemiology is liking to be much more complex. Therefore, good
epidemiologic studies in swine in Mexico could be very helpful in
understanding this apparently new virus.

References
- ----------
1. Taubenberger JK, Morens DM. 1918 influenza: the mother of all pandemics.
Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2006 Jan [date cited]. Available
from <http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-0979.htm>.
2. Myers KP, Olsen CW, Gray GC. Cases of swine influenza in humans: a
review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44: 1084&#173;8 doi: 10.1086/512813.

..................................................................................................
所以说,我们应该称这次的流感病毒为H1N1..而非猪流感

...............猪:“我是冤枉的!...

[ 本帖最后由 GR 于 29-4-2009 04:26 PM 编辑 ]
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发表于 1-5-2009 07:07 PM | 显示全部楼层
原帖由 GR 于 29-4-2009 04:21 PM 发表

...............猪:“我是冤枉的!...“



这句最好笑。。。。。

很长下,多亏了你那些红字,要不然还真的没人看。。。。。

除了H1N1,我们也可以叫”猪猪人鸟“病毒嘛。。。哈哈!(这个名字更爆笑!)
因为这个H1N1是combination of 2 pig virus, 1 human virus, i avian (bird) virus.....
个人认为应该是一个感冒的猪农,在接触感冒的猪,然后再碰到感冒的鸟类如鸡鸭之类的。。。
那些virus混种混到酱够力。。。。
可能禽流感的是导致这个H1N1爆发的主要原因。。。
因为禽流感本身是人和鸟类病毒的结合体,当它们结合后再混上猪流感也不是不可能。。。

[ 本帖最后由 lipterstar 于 1-5-2009 07:08 PM 编辑 ]
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