哀悼"DNA之父"Francis Crick (1916 - 2004)

yaoxin

轉載﹕





    DNA双螺旋结构模型的提出者之一、英国科学家弗朗西斯·克里克28日因结肠癌在美国圣迭戈市一家医院病逝, 享年88岁.
　　20世纪50年代初, 在前人大量研究的基础上, 专家们已经知道了DNA是一种细长的高分子化合物, 由一系列核苷酸链构成, 核苷酸由核苷与磷酸缩合而成等等. 可以说DNA"拼图"的所有"板块"基本都已找到, 但人们还不知道各个"板块"应该在什么位置. 1953年4月25日, 克里克和沃森合作在英国<自然>杂志上发表了一篇名为<核酸的分子结构DNA的一种可能结构>的短文, 两人将DNA的结构描述为双螺旋, 在双螺旋的两部分之间, 由四种化学物质组成的碱基对扁平环连结着. 此后研究证实, 他们对DNA结构的描述恰当, 令人难以置信. 那篇短文被认为是"开创了分子生物学的时代", 两人也被冠以"DNA之父"的美誉. 1962年, 克里克、沃森和威尔金斯因此而荣获了诺贝尔医学和生理学奖.      
　　克里克1916年出生在英国, 父亲是一位鞋厂老板.因为他幼时总是问许多科学问题, 父母便给他买了一本百科全书. 他曾在伦敦大学学院学习物理, 二战期间为英国政府制造水雷. 二战后, 他对"生物与非生物的区别"很感兴趣, 因此自学生物学和化学. 1977年, 他从剑桥大学辞职后一直在美国的索尔克研究所工作.

yaoxin

纽约时报的报道原文(一)：
Crick, Who Discovered DNA Structure With Watson, Dies
By NICHOLAS WADE, The New York Times, July 29, 2004

Francis H. C. Crick, co-discoverer of the structure of DNA, the genetic blueprint for living things, and the leading molecular biologist of his age, died on Wednesday night in a hospital in San Diego. He was 88. He had had a long battle with colon cancer, said Andrew Porterfield, a spokesman for the Salk Institute for Biological Studies.

Dr. Crick laid the foundations of molecular biology in a sustained burst of creativity that began in 1953 with the discovery of the structure of DNA, the hereditary material, in Cambridge, England, and ended, some 13 years later, with the subject's primary problems solved, most of them either by Dr. Crick himself or by scientists in his circle.

The discovery of the structure of DNA resolved longstanding questions about the nature of the hereditary material and the manner in which it is copied as one generation succeeds another. The structure, almost immediately accepted, was electrifying to scientists not only because of its inherent elegance but also because it showed how biology, evolution and the nature of life itself could ultimately be explained in terms of physics and chemistry. Indeed, the desire to replace religious with rational explanations of life was a principal motivation of Dr. Crick's career.

So central is DNA to biology that the names of Francis H. C. Crick and James D. Watson, his American colleague in the discovery, are thought likely to be remembered as long as those of Darwin and Mendel, the architects of the two pillars of modern biology — the theory of evolution and the laws of genetics.

Dr. Crick was a scientist with a thirst to understand and a talent for productive friendships. It was his two-year collaboration with Dr. Watson that made possible the discovery of the structure of DNA, a feat that neither would have accomplished without the other. After Dr. Watson returned to the United States, Dr. Crick's close collaborator for many years was Sydney Brenner, with whom he solved the nature of the genetic code.

Dr. Crick occupied a rarely paralleled position of intellectual leadership in the early years of molecular biology. In intense efforts to explore beyond the door opened by the discovery of DNA, biologists from Paris to Pasadena, Calif., were drawn into a pursuit that at every stage was shaped by Francis Crick.

"By brain, wit, vigor of personality, strength of voice, intellectual charm and scorn, a lot of travel and ceaseless letter-writing, Crick coordinated the research of many other biologists, disciplined their thinking, arbitrated their conflicts, communicated and explained their results," wrote the historian Horace Freeland Judson in "The Eighth Day of Creation."

The French biologist Jacques Monod told Mr. Judson, "No one man discovered or created molecular biology. But one man dominates intellectually the whole field, because he knows the most and understands the most. Francis Crick."

An unforgettable portrait of Francis Crick was drawn by Dr. Watson in "The Double Helix," his best-selling account of their discovery. Mr. Crick was unknown at the time, pursuing his Ph.D. at the advanced age of 35. But the lack of this first credential did not diminish his confidence in his own abilities. "I have never seen Francis Crick in a modest mood," Dr. Watson wrote in the opening sentence of his book.

He described Mr. Crick's animated conversation, his manic laughter, his habit — infuriating to colleagues — of pumping them for their data and showing them what it meant.

"Conversation with Crick," Dr. Watson wrote, "frequently upset Sir Lawrence Bragg," the director of the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge where Mr. Crick then worked, "and the sound of his voice was often sufficient to make Bragg move to a safer room."

Yet Dr. Watson's vivid portrait held elements of caricature. Mr. Crick's immodesty did not extend beyond the realm of intellectual argument. "Rather than believe that Watson and Crick made the DNA structure, I would rather stress that the structure made Watson and Crick," Dr. Crick wrote diffidently in a memoir titled `'What Mad Pursuit."

On the day of the discovery, Dr. Watson asserted, "Francis winged into the Eagle," the dingy Cambridge pub where they lunched every day, "to tell everyone within hearing distance that we had found the secret of life." Dr. Crick did not remember that incident "but I do recall going home and telling Odile [his wife] that we seemed to have made a big discovery."

"Years later she told me that she hadn't believed a word of it," he continued. " `You were always coming home and saying things like that,' she said, `so naturally I thought nothing of it.' "

Francis Harry Compton Crick was born on June 8, 1916, in Northampton, England, where his father and uncle ran a boot and shoe factory founded by their father. He studied physics at University College, London, and after a short period researching the viscosity of water under high pressure — in his view "the dullest problem imaginable" — he was drawn by the Second World War into military research, working on the design of magnetic and acoustic mines.

Finding himself at a loose end after the war, he decided the most interesting research problem lay in trying to understand the physical basis of life, the division between the living and the non-living. The choice eventually drew him to the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, one of the world's leading centers for studying the structure of proteins by X-ray analysis.

Proteins were already understood to be the cell's working parts and Mr. Crick began a Ph.D. thesis on the structure of hemoglobin. He worked in a branch of the Cavendish, the Medical Research Council unit headed by Max F. Perutz. Well before his thesis was finished, however, he realized that a far more interesting problem was the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. A classic experiment of 1944 had pointed to DNA as the genetic material but biologists had made almost no progress since then in understanding how the hereditary information might be stored and few were actively working on the problem.

Mr. Crick's life was changed one day in October 1951 when a 23-year-old American biologist walked into his life. James Watson also understood that the structure of DNA was the key to everything. Neither was meant to be working on DNA, but they at once fell into discussing how the problem might be approached, in conversations so sustained that the pair were given their own small office at the Cavendish laboratory so their voices would not disturb everyone else.

yaoxin

纽约时报的报道原文(二)：

Their approach, copied from the great chemist Linus Pauling, then at the California Institute of Technology, was to build exact scale models that would be compatible with the limited information available from X-ray crystallography. One difficulty was that the problem of DNA's structure had been assigned to another scientist, Maurice H. F. Wilkins of King's College, London, and under the etiquette of British science, to Dr. Watson's amazement, no one else was supposed to muscle in on it.

Dr. Wilkins, however, was a friend of Mr. Crick's and said he did not object to him attempting a model. Dr. Watson and Mr. Crick soon had a model ready. They constructed the backbone of the DNA molecule in the form of a double spiral, or helix, with the two helices held together in the middle by metal ions. The bases, the four chemical subunits that spell out the genetic information, pointed outward because Dr. Watson and Mr. Crick could see no way that the necessarily irregular sequence of bases would match together neatly if centrally placed.

With the model completed, Mr. Crick invited Dr. Wilkins and Dr. Wilkins's colleague Rosalind Franklin up to Cambridge to inspect their progress. Franklin instantly recognized a glaring error and a few days later Bragg, embarrassed by the debacle, ordered Mr. Crick to do no more work on DNA.

Mr. Crick and Dr. Watson nonetheless kept thinking about the problem and a few months later were able to reverse Bragg's prohibition. The forcing event was the announcement by Linus Pauling, who was Bragg's peer and rival, that Pauling had found the solution to the structure of DNA. Mr. Crick and Dr. Watson knew that Pauling's solution was wrong, but believed it might be only days before Pauling realized his error and seized on the correct solution.

In their second attempt, Mr. Crick and Dr. Watson picked up several important clues. As part of a reporting system designed to share information among laboratories supported by the British Medical Research Council, Mr. Crick came to see new X-ray data generated by Franklin. Although Franklin insisted in public lectures that these data proved DNA could not be a helix, Mr. Crick understood that they proved the opposite and that the two chains were anti-parallel, in other words that the head of one was always laid against the tail of the other.

The two biologists had also belatedly learned of Chargaff's rules. The four kinds of bases that occur in DNA are known as adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine, or A, G, T and C for short. Erwin Chargaff, a longtime student of DNA at Columbia University, had discovered that from whatever organism DNA was isolated, A and T were found in roughly equal quantities, as were G and C.

From Jerry Donohue, an experienced American chemist who happened then to be sharing their office, Mr. Crick and Dr. Watson also learned that the chemical structures of the DNA bases shown in current textbooks were incorrect.

The ingredients for the discovery were now all in place. With the right structures in hand, Dr. Watson was playing with cardboard cutouts one day when he noticed that an A-T pair on his small desk was identical in shape with G-C pair. He immediately perceived how the bases could point inward, holding the spiral staircase together with steps of always equal width, provided that adenine always paired with thymine, guanine cytosine.

The pairing rule at once explained the equivalences of Chargaff's rule and, more critically, how one DNA chain could serve as the template for building another, the essential requirement for any molecule that embodied hereditary information.

yaoxin

纽约时报的报道原文(三)：

"That morning," Mr. Judson wrote in `The Eighth Day of Creation,' "Watson and Crick knew, although still in mind only, the entire structure: it had emerged from the shadow of billions of years, absolute and simple, and was seen and understood for the first time."

In his memoir Dr. Crick said: "It's true that by blundering about we stumbled on gold, but the fact remains that we were looking for gold. Both of us had decided, quite independently of each other, that the central problem in molecular biology was the chemical structure of the gene." No other scientists were pursuing the structure with such single-mindedness.

It took only a few days to build the model dictated by their new concepts. This time it convinced everyone because it explained everything. `'It has not escaped our notice," Mr. Crick wrote in a lapidary conclusion to their report of April 25, 1953, in the scientific journal Nature, `'that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material."

After the discovery and completing the requirements for his Ph.D., Dr. Crick plunged into the problems now made accessible by the new structure. How does the sequence of bases in DNA determine the sequence of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins? How is the information copied from DNA and transferred to the cell's protein-synthesizing centers?

Though many scientists played important roles in solving this array of problems, the guiding intelligence at almost all points was Dr. Crick's. It was he, for example, who first realized there could be only a specific number of amino acids. Scanning the confused biochemical literature, he drew up the canonical list of the 20 acids.

With his colleague Sydney Brenner, Dr. Crick eventually proved, in an experiment of remarkable elegance, that the genetic code was a comma-less, triplet code in which sets of three bases in the DNA sequence determine a corresponding sequence of amino acids in proteins. The Crick-Brenner experiment essentially consisted of deleting bases, one by one, in the DNA of bacteria, and showing that only after three bases had been eliminated in close proximity did the DNA-transcribing system come back into correct phase.

In a conversation in 1960 with the French biologist Fran&ccedil;ois Jacob, Dr. Crick and Dr. Brenner recognized the long puzzling identity of the messenger that distributes copies of the genetic information in DNA to the cell. In another insight of remarkable power, Dr. Crick in his "adaptor hypothesis" divined that there must exist a class of carrier molecules that recognize triplets on the messenger and a second class that links each kind of amino acid to its appropriate carrier. Both the transfer-RNAs and the adaptor enzymes proved to exist as he had predicted.

Dr. Crick derived several sweeping theories that have stood the test of time. He assumed from the start that the genetic code was universal to all forms of life, as indeed with trivial exceptions it has proved to be. His "central dogma" formulated the view that once genetic information has passed into protein, it cannot get out again. The dogma meant that the genetic message is impenetrable by information from outside the cell, thus excluding the Lamarckian thesis that acquired characteristics can be inherited.

In 1962 Dr. Crick and Dr. Watson and Maurice Wilkins received the Nobel Prize in medicine. Dr. Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin had contributed the X-ray data that suggested and confirmed the structure of DNA but Franklin had died of leukemia in 1958, spending her last remission period with the Cricks.

The discovery of DNA brought unwelcome attention, too. In 1967 Dr. Crick read a draft of Dr. Watson's book, which then bore the working title `Honest Jim.' Dr. Crick viewed the gossipy memoir as a betrayal of their friendship, a violation of his privacy and a distortion of their methods and motives. He was unsuccessful in efforts to prevent the book's publication.

In time his anger cooled. The intellectual bond of their two years together was not so easily broken, though observers sometimes noticed a certain edge in their friendship. In promoting his own books Dr. Crick would refer to Dr. Watson as "my publicity agent." Dr. Watson in an interview in 1998 remarked on their different taste in friends and regretted Dr. Crick's lack of interest in becoming a force in scientific politics.

Yet Dr. Watson also acknowledged the selflessness of Dr. Crick's motives. "Francis was always so kind to me," he said. "He never tried to promote himself. He was just interested in solving problems."

By 1966 the first era of biology at the molecular level was complete. Though many details of enormous interest remained to be discovered, the foundations had been well and truly laid. Dr. Crick and Dr. Brenner decided to move on to another vast field of biology, the manner in which a whole organism develops from the egg.

In 1977 Dr. Crick left Cambridge, and his well-known house on Portugal Place, with its golden helix above the front door, where he and his wife, Odile, had held many high-spirited parties. The Cricks moved to the Salk Institute in La Jolla, Calif. There he took on another challenging unsolved problem of biology — the nature of consciousness.

He had little expectation of producing any radically new ideas at his advanced age of 72, he wrote in 1988, "but at my time of life I had a right to do things for my own amusement." Never one to let his mind lie fallow, Dr. Crick produced a stream of papers about aspects of the brain and a well-regarded popular book, "The Astonishing Hypothesis," (1994) which summarized his ideas.

Another diversion that Dr. Crick allowed himself was a bold speculation about the origin of life. Only the most eminent and secure of scientists would dare flirt with the idea that Earth may have been seeded with life by a rocketship from another planet. But that possibility, a thesis Dr. Crick termed "Directed Panspermia," was aired in an article he published in Icarus (1973) with his Salk Institute colleague Leslie E. Orgel and in a popular book by Dr. Crick alone, "Life Itself" (1981).

Dr. Crick in no way rejected the orthodox scientific thesis that life evolved in some yet to be specified way from the chemicals present on the early Earth. But he was impressed by the unexplained universality of the genetic code, and uncomfortable with the narrow window of time between the date the Earth cooled enough to be habitable and the first appearance of life in the fossil record.

With "Directed Panspermia," he prepared, in effect, an intellectual escape hatch, an alternative explanation for life should scientists in fact find it too hard to account plausibly for the remarkably rapid emergence of Earth's first life forms.

He wrote little about his own life and, despite his fame, remained a surprisingly private person, perhaps in part because of the unwelcome exposure of his personal life in "The Double Helix."

Dr. Crick's first marriage, to Ruth Doreen Dodd, ended in divorce in 1947. He is survived by his wife, Odile Speed; a son from his first marriage, Michael F. C. Crick of Seattle; and by two daughters from his second marriage, Gabrielle A. Crick and Jacqueline M. T. Nichols, both of England; and four grandchildren.

What is the nature of scientific genius? Dr. Crick was perhaps offering an answer in his response to a different question, that of whether he enjoyed his life. "I cannot do better," he said, than to quote from a lecture by the painter John Minton "in which he said of his own artistic creations, `The important thing is to be there when the picture is painted.' And this, it seems to me, is partly a matter of luck and partly good judgment, inspiration and persistent application."

yaoxin

轉載(The Scientist):

Francis Crick dies

The master of science and arguably the founder of molecular biology was 88
| By Pete Moore



Francis Crick, known for his discovery with James Watson of the double helix but described as a biologist colleague as "the absolute master in a way that nobody else in that generation was," died yesterday of colon cancer (July 28) in San Diego, California. He was 88.

"If all you think of with Francis Crick is the double helix, then you don't know the man," Crick's Cambridge contemporary and Nobel Prize winner Aaron Klug told The Scientist. Although Crick did perform many of the intellectual somersaults that revealed DNA's double helix—work for which he shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine—that was only one of the world-changing discoveries that littered his career, according to Klug. While many of his achievements are now so established that they are the stuff of the school curriculum, in their time, each was the pinnacle of scientific achievement.

Born on June 8, 1916, in Northampton, UK, Francis Harry Compton Crick in 1937 got a degree in physics at University College London, before spending World War II devising ways of sweeping German magnetic mines for the British Admiralty and designing circuits for British magnetic and acoustic mines. During the war he also married Ruth Dodd, and the couple had a son, Michael.

Around the time that the war ended, so too did his marriage. In 1947, he married Odile Speed, and the couple had two daughters, Gabrielle and Jacqueline. 1947 also marked a significant change in his working life, as Crick moved to Strangeways Laboratory, Cambridge, where he studied the physical properties of cytoplasm in cultured fibroblast cells, a task he found intellectually limiting.

"He always knew who to go and talk to about problems," recalled Cambridge physiologist Horace Barlow. "He sought me out because he knew that I was interested in neuroscience. He was already working on a problem in cell biology, but he didn't think it was very important—all he wanted to do was get that finished with. He wondered whether to go into neurosciences."

After much thought, Crick headed for what is now called molecular biology. "He took his choice—and he was obviously right. He could have persuaded me to go into molecular biology, but I was such a bad chemist," Barlow said. So, in 1949 Crick joined the Medical Research Council research group in Cambridge. He wanted to bring science to the mysteries at the border between living and nonliving. The team was led by Max Perutz, and Crick worked on protein structure, ending up doing a PhD on x-ray diffraction of proteins.

In 1951, James Watson arrived in Cambridge fresh from receiving his PhD at Indiana University in Bloomington, and the two instantly joined forces. Crick once said that their collaboration worked largely because they were never afraid to rigorously question each other's ideas, and the result was their Nature paper on April 25, 1953, that revealed the structure of DNA.

In 1957, Crick became excited about the Central Dogma, his theory that DNA passed its information to RNA, and this was then used to generate specific proteins. "Watson had something similar in his notebook, but Crick went around preaching it as certainty," said Richard Henderson, who first met Crick when he joined the Cambridge team as a PhD student in 1966. Then came the "adapter hypothesis," in which Crick realized that small molecules were involved in translating the RNA code sequence into amino acids. These adapters turned out to be tRNA.

In 1958, Crick published a paper with his student David Blow in which they showed how to determine the structure of proteins using heavy atom derivatives. "The method dominated the field for decades," said Henderson, and Crick's 1959 election as a Fellow of the Royal Society confirmed his status in the field.

Crick began studying structure and function of histones in 1960. At the time, he thought that histones held the two chains of DNA apart for transcription. "That was wrong," Klug said, "but what Crick realized was that the 25 different histones were postsynthetic variants of four (it turned out to be 5) major types of histones."

The triplet codon became his next target, in 1966. Working with Sydney Brenner, Crick determined that each amino acid in a protein related to three bases in the genetic code. "That is the most beautiful, elegant paper," Klug said.

Crick then came up with the wobble hypothesis. This theorized that while the first two bases in a triplet were always stringently complemented during tRNA's binding with mRNA, the third one was often less critically followed—there was an element of "wobble" in the way that the code was translated into protein.

With 30 years of experience in molecular biology and some 87 papers bearing his name, Crick made a radical shift in 1977. A long-standing colleague, Leslie Orgel, persuaded him to move to the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California, where he started studying neurobiology. "I thought he was the most brilliant guy, and it would be intellectually stimulating for all of us to have him around," Orgel told The Scientist.

With Graeme Mitchison, he investigated dreams, suggesting they were mechanisms for clearing out the debris of unwanted experience. With Orgel, he toyed with Panspermia—the theory that life developed on a far away planet and arrived on earth aboard a spaceship. But it was his interest in determining the neuronal correlates of consciousness that was his main passion over the following three decades. "He had a big influence in the Salk in building up their neuroscience program. It is now probably the foremost center in the States, if not the world," Henderson said.

"When he started his work on consciousness, this was something no neuroscientist wanted to touch, it was not respectable," said Tomaso Poggio, professor of vision sciences and biophysics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Now he has managed to make it work, to ask scientific questions about it to encourage others to do experiments on it. So, I think it has been an important contribution."

Starting in 1984, Crick started working extensively with neuroscientist Christof Koch, and together they coauthored most of Crick's papers associated with neuroscience. "Our theory was that consciousness involves specific neurons, firing in a specific way and sitting in a specific part of the brain," Koch told The Scientist. Their work focused on the visual system, and their working hypothesis is that while the primary visual cortex is important for vision, it does not generate ultimate conscious perception—in other words, the correlates are not in the primary visual cortex.

Back in Cambridge, his absence was noted—particularly in seminars where he gained a reputation for grilling presenters. "He gave no quarter," said Klug. "He subjected you to criticism and expected you to stand up, though he was fairly kindly to young people. He didn't suffer fools kindly—that sums him up."

Crick's scientific method was rigorous. According to Klug, he learned it from the professor in charge of the Cambridge laboratory when Crick first arrived. He learned to sift though vast mounds of information and identify the reliable data. "He could reduce it to its essence" said Klug. "Then he was in a position to design experiments to test it, or else look for pieces of evidence from other people's work."

"Crick said to me in the early 70s that it was difficult to imagine a problem that would not be solved in 25 years," said Michael Levitt of Stanford University, California. For Crick, he said, the trick was correctly formulating the question. For example, in 1998, he wrote a paper with Koch in which he sets out his rational for tackling the issue of consciousness. He begins by defining a few critical questions, at the same time listing areas that are not worth approaching, because science is not ready to formulate questions.

"He was intellectually penetrating and rational, in a way that has been more successful than anyone else," Orgel said. This enabled him frequently to be decades ahead of the game. "He worked out the coil-coil structure of proteins before he sorted out DNA, but no one took much notice of it until a few years ago when it was shown to be quite correct—I thought that was really fun."

Editor's Note: The original version of this story was posted on July 29, 2004, 12:30 PM EST. Additions and updates were incorporated on July 30, 2004.

yaoxin

轉載?(news@nature.com)

Francis Crick




Helen Pilcher

DNA code-breaker dies at 88.

"We wish to suggest a structure for the salt of deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA). This structure has novel features which are of considerable biological interest."

So began Francis Crick and James Watson in their ground-breaking Nature paper1, published 51 years ago. The paper describes the structure of DNA. The discovery was to change the face of modern-day science and medicine.

Sadly, Francis Crick died yesterday after a long battle with colon cancer. He passed away at Thornton Hospital in La Jolla, California.

"I will always remember Francis for his extraordinarily focused intelligence and for the many ways he showed me kindness and developed my self-confidence," says his long-time colleague Watson.

"He treated me as though I were a member of his family," he adds. "Being with him for two years in a small room in Cambridge was truly a privilege. I always looked forward to being with him and speaking to him, up until the moment of his death. He will be sorely missed."

From DNA to consciousness

Early in his life, Crick trained and worked as a physicist, but he switched to biology after the Second World War. In 1962, Watson and Crick were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, which they shared with Maurice Wilkins. Crick went on to crack the genetic code that translates DNA into protein, and then turned to studying consciousness at California's Salk Institute for Biological Studies.

When asked what he hoped his future contribution would be, he said: "To excite younger people to study the problem of consciousness." In the 1980s and 1990s, Crick championed the idea that aspects of consciousness could be correlated to specific physiological changes in the brain. It was a radical idea at the time, and his approach gave the field much-needed respectability.

Recently he was involved in the development of a new research centre at Salk. Researchers at the Crick-Jacobs Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology will build on Crick's work, using computers and biological techniques to study how genes regulate brain activity.

"We are all greatly saddened to learn of the death of Francis Crick, who was known worldwide for his contribution to discovering the structure of DNA," says Robert May, the president of the Royal Society in London.

Crick became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1959, primarily for his work on DNA, but also for his study of the structure of proteins and viruses.

May continues: "Francis Crick made an enormous contribution to science and his discoveries helped to usher in a golden age of molecular biology. His death is a sad loss to science and our thoughts are with his family and colleagues."

有时跳舞

我也要向他致敬！我也要向他致敬！

什么？他是我的偶像！死了.................

yaoxin

有些人死了，但他还活着。他的DNA还在吧。。。。